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The province of Lecce alone has}{\i\cf6\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 }{\i\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 more than 14,000 hectares of olive trees. \par \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\fs20\lang1040\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1040\langfenp1033 {Michele Doria, secretary of the Sant\rquote Anna Co-operative, an association of local oil producers, talks to us about the history and background of this popular product. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Gabriella: }{This tree is an incredible shape. It\rquote s fantastic! It twists around itself}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria: }{In fact, it is so impressive people have nicknamed it \'93the king\'94. Because..}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 . }{it\rquote s majestic, something truly out of the ordinary.}{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 How old is this tree? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 This tree is 2000 years old. \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Really? \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 What\rquote s the relationship between the people here and the olive-tree? \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs20\lang1040\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1040\langfenp1033 {Michele Doria:}{\b0 Well, the olive-tree is our culture, our history. In the past it supported the family in all senses. It provided fuel, wood for making furniture, even doors \endash very hard-wearing, and quite heavy. Then it was used in food, and to treat illnesses because our ancestors continued the Roman traditions. You could say that it was our life, it was a raw material in all senses. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 { \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And after the olives have been harvested, how are they processed? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Well, nowadays, with modern mechanised methods. But it is very interesting to see how they used to be pressed in the past. So I\rquote ll take you to see a mill. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Will you show me? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes, yes. It\rquote s an amazing 16}{\lang1040\langfe1033\super\langnp1040 th}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 century olive press. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Very interesting. Let\rquote s go! \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \i\fs24\lang1040\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1040\langfenp1033 {\fs20 They go into the town, to Vernole, to see the mill. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs20\lang1040\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1040\langfenp1033 {Michele Doria:}{\b0 We are actually walking on it. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 You mean it\rquote s under the main square? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Underneath the square. We\rquote ll be inside in a minute. Here we are, inside the mill. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Incredible! I would never have imagined anything like this underneath the square. How old is this? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 This goes back to the sixteenth century, so the 1500s. It\rquote s one of 19 underground mills in the Vernole district. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Is it all as well preserved as this? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes, it has been restored. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Tell me, why did they have to build the olive-press underground, under the square? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 For various reasons. One, firstly, because basically it is easier to extract the oil if the temperature is constant. Then secondly, it was a lot less expensive to dig un derground than to build above ground. Finally, it was very important from the point of view of protection. Because the oil was tempting to quite a lot of people. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And did they stay down here for a long time? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 From when the olives first started to fall, so from the harvest at the end of October, to the end of April. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Shut down here for six months? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Six months down here. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And where, where did they live? Where did they sleep? \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par \par Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Now I\rquote ll show you. I\rquote ll show you. \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par \par Gabriella: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And this oil was used as a foodstuff? In cooking? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 No, no. Absolutely not. Only for lighting. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Ah, for lighting? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 So it was used for lighting all over Europe? And over there? This area? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 This was the workers\rquote sleeping quarters. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 So they slept and ate here? All near the place, in fact in the same room as they worked. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 In the same room as they worked. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And how many were there down here? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Five. Four workers and a foreman. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And they couldn\rquote t ever leave, or go out, for six months? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 For six months in a row. \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 \par Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 So olives, oil, they were Puglia\rquote s gold, but it was a form of slavery. How much were the workers paid for this type of work? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Three pocketfuls of dried figs. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Is that all? It doesn\rquote t seem very much. But did they consider themselves to be specialist workers? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes, yes, specialised, and so they felt that it was an honour to work in the olive-presses. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 And how long did this go on for, this working in underground mills? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Until the early 20}{\lang1040\langfe1033\super\langnp1040 th}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 century. \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Gabriella: }{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Until last century? \par \par \par }{\b\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Michele Doria:}{\lang1040\langfe1033\langnp1040 Yes, until this last century. So for more than 400 years. \par \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b Gabriella:}{ Incredible! But luckily we don\rquote t have stay down here for six months, we can come out. \par }}