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\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\widctlpar \f8 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}}{\info{\title wythnos 145 (16)}{\author Ruth}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min3}
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\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar \f8 {\b\f81\ul GWERS 15
\par 
\par }{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\b\f81\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f81    }{\b\f81\ul CENNARD DAVIES
\par }{\b\f81 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul NOD}{\b\f81 :\tab Dysgu sut i holi'r ffordd.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 
\par }{\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul Geirfa}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab agosaf\tab \tab \tab -\tab nearest\tab \tab \tab \tab hawdd\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab easy
\par \tab \tab lwcus\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab lucky\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab prysur\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab busy
\par \tab 
\par \tab \tab cangen (b)\tab \tab -\tab branch\tab \tab \tab \tab t\'f9r\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab tower
\par \tab \tab adeilad\tab \tab \tab -\tab building\tab \tab \tab \tab tafarn (b)\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab public house
\par \tab \tab marchnad (b)\tab -\tab market\tab \tab \tab \tab gorsaf (b)\tab \tab \tab -\tab station
\par \tab \tab problem (b)\tab \tab -\tab problem\tab \tab \tab \tab tro\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab turning
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-1080\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab ymlaen\tab \tab \tab -\tab on, forward\tab \tab \tab nes cyrraedd\tab \tab -\tab until you reach
\par }\pard \ri-980\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab yn union\tab \tab \tab -\tab exactly\tab \tab \tab \tab o'ch blaen\tab \tab \tab -\tab in front of you
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab yn syth ymlaen\tab -\tab straight on\tab \tab \tab cyfarwydd \'89\tab \tab \tab -\tab familiar with
\par \tab \tab eto\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab again\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab gan fod\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab because
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-1080\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab gyferbyn \'89\tab \tab -\tab opposite\tab \tab \tab \tab y drws nesaf i\tab \tab -\tab next door to\tab \tab \tab ar hyd\tab \tab \tab -\tab along\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab ar waelod\tab \tab \tab -\tab 
at the bottom of
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab yng nghanol\tab -\tab in the middle of\tab heibio i\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab past
\par \tab \tab mor bell \'89\tab \tab -\tab as far as\tab \tab \tab \tab yn ymyl / ger\tab \tab -\tab near 
\par \tab \tab wrth\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab by
\par 
\par \tab \tab Swyddfa'r Cyngor\tab -\tab The Council Office(s)
\par \tab \tab Neuadd y Dref\tab \tab -\tab The Town Hall
\par 
\par 
\par \tab }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 1}{\f81 \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Rhoi Cyfarwyddiadau }{\b\f81      -      }{\b\f81\ul Giving Instructions/Directions}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab When speaking to a stranger, commands always end in }{\b\f81 -wch}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Esgusod}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81   \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Excuse 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Cerdd}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81  \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Walk
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Tro}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81  \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Turn 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Tro}{\b\f81 wch }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Turn 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab Stopi}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Stop
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Ar}{\b\f81 h}{\f81 os}{\b\f81 wch\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab }{\f81 Stop
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Dal}{\b\f81 iwch}{\f81  \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Keep 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Cymer}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Take
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab E}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Go
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Peidi}{\b\f81 wch}{\f81  \'89 (ag)\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab Don't
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 2.\tab \tab Esgusodwch fi, ble mae'r orsaf?
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Excuse me, where's the station?
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 3.\tab }{\b\f81\ul heibio i }{\b\f81     -    }{\b\f81\ul  past
\par 
\par }{\b\f81 \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 Cerddwch }{\b\f81 heibio i}{\f81 'r eglwys.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Walk }{\b\f81 past}{\f81  the church.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Ewch }{\b\f81 heibio i}{\f81 'r dafarn.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Go }{\b\f81 past }{\f81 the pub.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 4.\tab }{\b\f81\ul mor bell \'89   (cyn belled \'89)}{\b\f81       -      }{\b\f81\ul as far as}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Ewch }{\b\f81 mor bell \'89'}{\f81 r siop fara.}{\b\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab -  }{\f81 Go}{\b\f81  as far as }{\f81 th baker's.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Cerddwch }{\b\f81 cyn belled \'89}{\f81 'r eglwys.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Walk }{\b\f81 as far as }{\f81 the church.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 5.\tab }{\b\f81\ul i'r dde}{\b\f81      -     }{\b\f81\ul to the right}{\b\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul i'r chwith }{\b\f81     -     }{\b\f81\ul to the left}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Trowch }{\b\f81 i'r dde }{\f81 gyferbyn \'89'r eglwys.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Turn }{\b\f81 right }{\f81 opposite the church.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Trowch }{\b\f81 i'r chwith }{\f81 ar waelod y stryd.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Turn }{\b\f81 left }{\f81 at the bottom of the street.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 6.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Peidiwch}{\b\f81      -     }{\b\f81\ul Don't
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul To be grammatically correct, }{\b\f81\ul '\'89'}{\f81\ul  follows }{\b\f81\ul 'Peidiwch'}{\f81\ul  and it causes an Aspirate 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul Mutation.
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab Peidiwch }{\b\f81 \'89 th}{\f81 roi wrth yr eglwys.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Don't turn by the church.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Peidiwch }{\b\f81 \'89 ch}{\f81 erdded heibio i'r orsaf.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Don't walk past the station.
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul But it is perfectly acceptable to leave out }{\b\f81\ul '\'89'}{\f81\ul , thus avoiding the mutation.
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab Peidiwch troi wrth yr eglwys.
\par \tab \tab \tab Peidiwch cerdded heibio i'r orsaf.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 2}{\f81 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul cyntaf}{\b\f81      -     }{\b\f81\ul first}{\f81 \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 '}{\b\f81\ul cyntaf'}{\f81\ul   follows the noun}{\f81 . 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab y tro }{\b\f81 cynta'}{\f81  ar y chwith\tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 first}{\f81  turning on the left
\par \tab \tab \tab y t\'df }{\b\f81 cynta'}{\f81  ar \'99l y farchnad \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 first}{\f81  house after the market
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul 'cyntaf'}{\f81\ul  undergoes a Soft Mutation after a feminine, singular noun}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab y stryd }{\b\f81 gynta'}{\f81  ar y dde\tab \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 first}{\f81  street on the right
\par \tab \tab \tab y siop }{\b\f81 gynta'}{\f81  ar y dde\tab \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 first }{\f81 shop on the right
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul ail}{\f81      -     }{\b\f81\ul second
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul 'ail' }{\f81\ul stands }{\b\f81\ul in front of }{\f81\ul the noun. It always causes a Soft Mutation.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab yr }{\b\f81 ail d}{\f81 ro ar y dde\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 second}{\f81  turning on the right
\par \tab \tab \tab yr }{\b\f81 ail d}{\f81 \'df yn y stryd\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 second }{\f81 house in the street
\par \tab \tab \tab yr }{\b\f81 ail d}{\f81 afarn ar y chwith\tab \tab -\tab the  }{\b\f81 second }{\f81 pub on the left
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 3.\tab }{\b\f81\ul trydydd / drydedd }{\b\f81     -     }{\b\f81\ul third
\par 
\par }{\b\f81 \tab \tab '}{\b\f81\ul trydydd / drydedd' }{\f81\ul stands }{\b\f81\ul in front of t}{\f81\ul he noun.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab y }{\b\f81 trydydd}{\f81  tro ar y dde \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 third}{\f81  turning on the right
\par \tab \tab \tab y }{\b\f81 trydydd }{\f81 t\'df yn y stryd\tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 third }{\f81 house in the street
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul 'drydedd' }{\f81\ul is used in front of a feminine noun and it causes a Soft Mutation}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab y }{\b\f81 drydedd o}{\f81 rsaf o'r dre\tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 third}{\f81  station from the town
\par \tab \tab \tab y }{\b\f81 drydedd  g}{\f81 angen\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab the }{\b\f81 third }{\f81 branch
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\b\f81\ul cymryd }{\b\f81       -      }{\b\f81\ul to take}{\b\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul Cymerwch! }{\b\f81       -      }{\b\f81\ul Take!}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cymerwch }{\f81 yr ail dro ar y chwith. 
\par \tab \tab \tab -  }{\b\f81 Take }{\f81 the second turning on the left.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 5.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Pa? }{\b\f81    -    }{\b\f81\ul Which?}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul This comes immediately before the noun and causes a Soft Mutation.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pa d}{\f81 re'?\tab \tab -\tab }{\b\f81 Which}{\f81  town?\tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pa d}{\f81 ro?\tab -\tab }{\b\f81 Which}{\f81  turning?
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pa}{\f81  }{\b\f81 g}{\f81 angen?\tab -\tab }{\b\f81 Which}{\f81  branch?\tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pa}{\f81  }{\b\f81 g}{\f81 loc?\tab -\tab }{\b\f81 Which}{\f81  clock?
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 6.\tab }{\b\f81\ul o'ch blaen (chi)}{\b\f81     \tab \tab \tab \tab -   \tab \tab   }{\b\f81\ul in front of you}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Mae'r farchnad }{\b\f81 o'ch blaen (chi).
\par \tab \tab \tab -  }{\f81 The market is }{\b\f81 in front of you.
\par }{\f81 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul yn union o'ch blaen (chi)}{\b\f81 \tab \tab -\tab \tab   }{\b\f81\ul immediately in front of you}{\f81 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab Mae'r orsaf }{\b\f81 yn union o'ch blaen (chi).
\par \tab \tab \tab -  }{\f81 The station is }{\b\f81 immediately in front of you.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 3}{\f81 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Defnyddio berfenw }{\b\f81      -       }{\b\f81\ul using the verb noun}{\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Turn to the right and }{\b\f81 walk}{\f81  straight on
\par \tab \tab \tab - Trowch i'r dde a }{\b\f81 cherddwch }{\f81 yn syth ymlaen.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab This is the normal translation.  BUT when it is obvious who is undertaking \tab \tab the action of the verb (it has probably been established in the earlier form), \tab \tab then a }{\b\f81 verb-noun}{\f81 
 can be used instead of the personal form of the verb.  So, \tab \tab the above sentence could be translated thus:
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab Trowch i'r dde a }{\b\f81 cherdded}{\f81  yn syth ymlaen.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul Here are some more examples:}{\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab Mair went to town and (she) }{\b\f81 bought}{\f81  a new dress.
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab -  Fe aeth Mair i'r dre' ac }{\b\f81 fe brynodd hi}{\f81  ffrog newydd.
\par \tab \tab       -  Fe aeth Mair i'r dre a }{\b\f81 phrynu}{\f81  ffrog newydd.
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab He kicked the ball and }{\b\f81 (he) broke}{\f81  the window.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Fe giciodd e'r b\'90l ac }{\b\f81 fe dorrodd e}{\f81 'r ffenest.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Fe giciodd e'r b\'90l a }{\b\f81 thorri}{\f81 'r ffenest.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab I wake up at 7 o'clock and }{\b\f81 (I) read}{\f81  the paper.
\par \tab \tab \tab - 'Dw i'n deffro am 7 o'r gloch a }{\b\f81 'dw i'n darllen}{\f81  y papur.
\par \tab \tab \tab - 'Dw i'n deffro am 7 o'r gloch ac yn }{\b\f81 darllen}{\f81  y papur.
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Idiomau a dywediadau}{\f81\ul  }{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab O bell ffordd.\tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab -  By far / by a long way.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Rhoi (rhywun) ar ben y ffordd.
\par \tab \tab \tab - To show (someone) the way.   (literally or figuratively).
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Mynd allan o'i ffordd.  (o fy ffordd / o'ch ffordd / o'n ffordd / o'u ffordd )
\par \tab \tab \tab - To go out of his/her way. (of my way / of your way / of our way / of their 
\par \tab \tab \tab    way).
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Mae rhaid i fi ei throi hi.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  I must  leave / go / set off.
\par \tab 
\par }{\b\f81 \tab }{\f81 \tab \tab Does dim ots.\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab -  It makes no difference / it doesn't matter.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Diolch o galon.\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Thanks a million.
\par \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Peidiwch \'89 s\'99n.\tab Roedd hi'n bleser.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Don't mention it. It was a pleasure.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 3.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Diarhebion}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab Rhaid cropian cyn cerdded.
\par \tab \tab -  Don't walk before you can run.
\par \tab \tab    ( One must crawl before one walks)
\par 
\par \tab \tab Dangos llwybr i gyfarwydd.
\par \tab \tab -  Teaching your grandmother to suck eggs.
\par \tab \tab     ( Showing the way to one who is familiar with it.)
\par }\pard \qc\ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }}