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\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\widctlpar \f89 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}}{\info{\title WYTHNOS 151 (22)}{\author Tania}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min10}{\revtim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min11}
{\version4}{\edmins1}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords785}{\nofchars4480}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}{\vern57395}}\paperw11880\paperh16820\margl1440\margr1080\margb1224 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz0\sprstsp\otblrul\brkfrm\sprstsm\truncex\nolead\msmcap\hyphcaps0\fracwidth 
\fet0\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}
{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \widctlpar \f89 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul GWERS 19
\par 
\par }{\f81 
\par }{\b\f81\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f81     }{\b\f81\ul CENNARD DAVIES
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul NOD:}{\f81       }{\b\f81 S\'99n am bethau rydyn ni'n arfer eu gwneud.}{\f81 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul Geirfa}{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx720\tx2700\tx3060\tx5400\tx7200\tx7560 {\f81 \tab dal i\tab -\tab to continue to\tab cas\'87u\tab \tab -\tab to hate, loath
\par \tab cyrraedd\tab -\tab to arrive at, reach\tab arfer (Imperfect)\tab -\tab to be used to
\par \tab colli\tab -\tab to lose\tab arfer (Present)\tab \tab -\tab usually
\par \tab codi\tab -\tab to get up\tab priodi\tab \tab -\tab to marry
\par \tab gadael\tab -\tab to leave\tab smwddio\tab \tab -\tab to iron
\par \tab cloi\tab -\tab to lock\tab ysmygu\tab \tab -\tab to smoke
\par \tab 
\par \tab Sbaeneg (b)\tab -\tab Spanish\tab Almaeneg (b)\tab \tab -\tab German
\par \tab Cymraeg (b)\tab -\tab Welsh\tab Saesneg (b)\tab \tab -\tab English
\par \tab Lladin (b)\tab -\tab Latin\tab Ffrangeg (b)\tab \tab -\tab French
\par \tab 
\par \tab fferm (b)\tab -\tab farm\tab gwyliau\tab \tab -\tab holidays
\par \tab modryb (b)\tab -\tab aunt\tab pynciau\tab \tab -\tab subjects
\par \tab hwyl\tab -\tab fun\tab sbort\tab \tab -\tab fun
\par \tab 
\par \tab pan\tab -\tab when\tab bron (yn...)\tab \tab -\tab almost
\par \tab minnau/finnau\tab -\tab I/me too\tab weithiau\tab \tab -\tab sometimes
\par \tab sengl\tab -\tab single
\par 
\par \tab yn ddieithriad\tab -\tab without exception
\par \tab fel arfer\tab -\tab usually, as usual
\par \tab anarferol\tab -\tab unusual
\par \tab arfer da\tab -\tab a good habit
\par \tab arfer drwg\tab -\tab a bad habit
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 1}{\f81 \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx2700\tx3060\tx5400\tx7200\tx7560 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul dal i}{\b\f81 \tab -\tab }{\b\f81\ul to continue to, still
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul Remember the e Soft Mutation in the verb which follows }{\b\f81\ul 'dal i'}{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab Wyt ti'n }{\b\f81 dal i}{\f81  chwarae golff?
\par \tab \tab - Do you }{\b\f81 still}{\f81  play golf?
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81                \tab  Roedd e}{\b\f81 'n dal i }{\f81 fyw yno.
\par \tab \tab -  He was }{\b\f81 still }{\f81 living there / He }{\b\f81 still }{\f81 lived there.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Mae e}{\b\f81 'n dal i}{\f81  weithio.
\par \tab \tab -  He's }{\b\f81 still }{\f81 working.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Wyt ti'n }{\b\f81 dal i }{\f81 ddysgu Sbaeneg?  -  Ydw!
\par \tab \tab -  Are you }{\b\f81 still}{\f81  learning Spanish?  -  Yes! 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul arfer}{\b\f81 \tab -\tab }{\b\f81\ul used to
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul When used with Imperfect Tense.
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Roeddwn i'n }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 hoffi Lladin.
\par \tab \tab - I }{\b\f81 used to }{\f81 like Latin.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Roedden nhw'n }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 cas\'87u gemau.
\par \tab \tab - They }{\b\f81 used to }{\f81 hate games.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Oeddet ti'n }{\b\f81 arfer}{\f81  dysgu Almaeneg yn yr ysgol?  -  Nac oeddwn!
\par \tab \tab -  Did you }{\b\f81 used to}{\f81  learn German in school?  -  No!
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Oedden nhw'n }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 gweithio yma?
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab -  Did they }{\b\f81 used to }{\f81 work here?
\par 
\par \tab \tab Doeddet ti ddim yn }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 ysmygu.
\par \tab \tab - You didn't }{\b\f81 used to }{\f81 smoke.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 2
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab  }{\b\f81\ul arfer}{\b\f81      -\tab }{\b\f81\ul usually}{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab  }{\f81\ul When used with Present Tense
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab Mae Dafydd yn }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 mynd i'r gwely tua 7 o'r gloch.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Dafydd }{\b\f81 usually }{\f81 goes to bed about 7 o'clock.}{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Ydy e'n }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 mynd i'r capel?
\par \tab \tab - Does he }{\b\f81 usually }{\f81 go to chapel?
\par 
\par \tab \tab 'Dw i ddim yn }{\b\f81 arfer }{\f81 cael cig moch i frecwast.
\par \tab \tab - I don't }{\b\f81 usually }{\f81 have bacon for breakfast.
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab Pryd rwyt ti'n }{\b\f81 arfer}{\f81  mynd i siopa?
\par \tab \tab -  When do you }{\b\f81 usually }{\f81 go shopping?
\par 
\par \tab \tab Beth mae Daniel yn}{\b\f81  arfer }{\f81 (ei) gael i de?
\par \tab \tab -  What does Daniel }{\b\f81 usually}{\f81  have for tea?
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul bron}{\b\f81 \tab -\tab }{\b\f81\ul almost
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab Roeddwn i'n chwarae rygbi }{\b\f81 bron }{\f81 bob (dydd) Sadwrn.
\par \tab \tab -  I played rugby }{\b\f81 almost }{\f81 every Saturday.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Maen nhw'n mynd i'r theatr }{\b\f81 bron }{\f81 bob mis.
\par \tab \tab -  They go to the theatre }{\b\f81 almost }{\f81 every month.
\par 
\par   \tab \tab 'Dw i'n siarad tipyn bach o Gymraeg }{\b\f81 bron }{\f81 bob dydd.
\par \tab \tab -  I speak a little bit of Welsh }{\b\f81 almost }{\f81 every day.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul It is possible to place '}{\b\f81\ul bron}{\f81\ul ' at the end of the sentence, of course.
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab Roeddwn i'n chwarae rygbi bob (dydd) Sadwrn, }{\b\f81 bron}{\f81 .
\par \tab \tab \tab Maen nhw'n mynd i'r theatr bob mis, }{\b\f81 bron}{\f81 .
\par \tab \tab \tab 'Dw i'n siarad tipyn bach o Gymraeg bob dydd, }{\b\f81 bron}{\f81 .
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul bron yn ddieithriad}{\f81 \tab -\tab }{\b\f81\ul almost without exception}{\f81 
\par \tab 
\par \tab \tab Roedden nhw'n mynd i Ffrainc ar eu gwyliau, }{\b\f81 bron yn ddieithriad}{\f81 .
\par \tab \tab - They went to France on holiday, }{\b\f81 almost without exception}{\f81 .
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 3.\tab }{\b\f81\ul pan}{\f81 \tab -       }{\b\f81\ul when 
\par }{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul Conjunction or joining word  (not the '}{\b\f81\ul When?'}{\f81\ul  which asks a question  -  '}{\b\f81\ul Pryd?}{\f81\ul ')
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Roedd e'n arfer canu, }{\b\f81 pan }{\f81 oedd e'n ifanc.
\par \tab \tab -  He used to sing, }{\b\f81 when }{\f81 he was young.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Ble roeddech chi'n arfer gweithio, }{\b\f81 pan }{\f81 oeddech chi'n ugain oed?
\par \tab \tab -  Where did you used to work, }{\b\f81 when }{\f81 you were twenty  (years of age)?
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pan }{\f81 o'n i yn yr ysgol, ro'n i'n arfer hoffi chwarae hoci.
\par \tab \tab -  }{\b\f81 When}{\f81  I was in school, I used to like playing hockey.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Pan}{\f81  oedd hi'n sengl, roedd hi'n arfer mynd i ddawnsio.
\par \tab \tab -  }{\b\f81 When}{\f81  she was single, she used to go dancing.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\b\f81\ul RHAN 3}{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul cyn}{\b\f81 \tab   -\tab }{\b\f81\ul before}{\f81 \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul ar \'99l}{\b\f81 \tab    -        }{\b\f81\ul after
\par 
\par }{\b\f81 \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul 'cyn' }{\f81\ul and '}{\b\f81\ul ar \'99l'}{\f81\ul  are followed by the preposition }{\b\f81\ul 'i'
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i fi\tab \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i ni
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i ti\tab \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i chi
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i Tom/Mair\tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l iddyn nhw
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l iddo fe (fo)
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l iddi hi
\par 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx4140 {\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul This pattern is  followed immediately by the }{\b\f81\ul verb-noun}{\f81\ul  (which undergoes a 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul Soft Mutation)
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab cyn iddi hi }{\b\f81 b}{\f81 riodi\tab ar \'99l i chi }{\b\f81 f}{\f81 ynd
\par \tab \tab \tab cyn i ni }{\b\f81 dd}{\f81 arllen\tab ar \'99l iddyn nhw }{\b\f81 b}{\f81 rynu
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul In Welsh, both }{\b\f81\ul 'cyn' }{\f81\ul and '}{\b\f81\ul ar  \'99l' }{\f81\ul can convey the  }{\b\f81\ul Past Tense a}{\f81\ul nd the }{\b\f81\ul Present }{\b\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul Tense.}{\b\f81  }{\f81\ul 
The second half of the sentence will show quite clearly what tense is }{\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul used. }{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l i fi }{\b\f81 fynd\tab \tab -\tab }{\f81 before / after I }{\b\f81 go}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab before / after I }{\b\f81 went}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab cyn / ar \'99l iddi hi }{\b\f81 ddod\tab }{\f81 -\tab before / after she }{\b\f81 comes}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab before / after she }{\b\f81 came
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81 Fe ddarllena' i'r papur, }{\b\f81 cyn i fi fynd }{\f81 i'r gwely.
\par \tab \tab -  I'll read the paper, }{\b\f81 before I go}{\f81  to bed.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Fe ddarllenais i'r papur, }{\b\f81 cyn i fi fynd }{\f81 i'r gwely.
\par \tab \tab I read the paper, }{\b\f81 before I went }{\f81 to bed,
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cyn i fi briodi}{\f81 , roeddwn i'n (arfer) gweithio yn Wrecsam.
\par \tab \tab -  }{\b\f81 Before I married}{\f81 , I used to work in Wrexham.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Ar \'99l iddo fe fynd, }{\f81 fe edrychwn ni ar y teledu.
\par \tab \tab -  }{\b\f81 After he goes,}{\f81  we'll look at the television.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab }{\f81\ul The word order can vary}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab Fe gloion nhw'r drws, }{\b\f81 cyn iddyn nhw adael.
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab - They locked the door, }{\b\f81 before they left.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul gwrando ar }{\b\f81       -       }{\b\f81\ul to listen to}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul The root or stem of '}{\b\f81\ul gwrando'}{\f81\ul  is a little irregular.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab gwrando\tab -\tab gwrand}{\b\f81 aw}{\f81 -
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Fe wrand}{\b\f81 aw}{\f81 odd hi ar y radio, ar \'99l iddi hi godi.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  She listened to the radio, after she got up.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 3.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Idiomau a dywediadau}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab Beth arall?\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab What else?
\par \tab \tab tipyn o hwyl/sbort\tab \tab \tab -\tab a lot of fun
\par \tab \tab roedd hynny'n sbort/hwyl\tab -\tab that was fun
\par \tab \tab Dyna beth od!\tab \tab \tab -\tab How strange!
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1340 {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Diarhebion}{\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab Arfer yw hanner y gwaith.
\par \tab \tab -  Practise is half the work.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Arfer yw mam pob meistrolaeth.
\par \tab \tab -  Practice is the mother of every mastery.
\par 
\par 
\par }}