{\rtf1\mac \deff89\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f81\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 Padarn;}{\f89\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 Palatino;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;
\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;
\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\widctlpar \f89 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}}{\info{\title WYTHNOS 156 (27)}{\author Tania}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min18}{\revtim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min40}
{\version4}{\edmins1}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords1020}{\nofchars5815}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}{\vern57395}}\paperw11880\paperh16820\margr1440 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz0\sprstsp\otblrul\brkfrm\sprstsm\truncex\nolead\msmcap\hyphcaps0\fracwidth \fet0\sectd 
\sbknone\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar \f89 {\b\f81\ul GWERS 23}{\b\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\b\f81\ul 
\par CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f81     }{\b\f81\ul BASIL DAVIES
\par 
\par 
\par NOD}{\b\f81 :       Siarad \'89 phlentyn
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul Geirfa
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\f81 golchi\tab  -\tab to wash\tab brwsio\tab -\tab to brush
\par ymolchi\tab  -\tab to have a wash\tab cribo\tab -\tab to comb
\par cael\tab  -\tab to have\tab gwisgo\tab -\tab to get dressed/
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab to put on
\par }\pard \li720\ri-620\widctlpar\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\f81 newid\tab  -\tab to change\tab tynnu\tab -\tab to take off/remove
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\f81 rhoi\tab  -\tab to put/to give\tab \tab \tab    to pull
\par gorffen\tab  -\tab to finish\tab tacluso\tab -\tab to tidy
\par cwpla (D.C.)\tab  -\tab to finish\tab dodi heibio\tab -\tab to put away
\par diffodd\tab  -\tab to put out\tab glanhau\tab -\tab to clean
\par gwneud\tab  -\tab to do\tab darllen\tab -\tab to read
\par ysgrifennu\tab  -\tab to write\tab dysgu\tab -\tab to learn\tab 
\par colli\tab  -\tab to lose\tab ffeindio\tab -\tab to find
\par trochi (D.C.)\tab  -\tab to dirty\tab dod o hyd i\tab -\tab to find
\par baeddu (G.C.) -\tab to dirty\tab gwlychu\tab -\tab to wet
\par bihafio\tab  -\tab to behave\tab brysio\tab -\tab to hurry
\par 
\par gwallt\tab  -\tab hair\tab dwylo\tab -\tab hands
\par wyneb\tab  -\tab face\tab dannedd\tab -\tab teeth
\par dillad\tab  -\tab clothes\tab crys\tab -\tab shirt
\par teganau\tab  -\tab toys\tab esgidiau\tab -\tab shoes
\par ystafell\tab  -\tab room\tab gwaith \tab -\tab homework
\par traethawd\tab  -\tab essay\tab \tab \tab   cartref
\par menig\tab  - \tab gloves\tab llanast\tab -\tab mess
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\b\f81\ul RHAN 1}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Wyt ti wedi...?}{\f81 \tab    -       }{\b\f81\ul Have you...?}{\f81 
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab Wyt ti wedi golchi dy wallt?
\par \tab - Have you washed your hair?
\par 
\par \tab Wyt ti wedi bod i'r t\'df bach?
\par \tab - Have you been to the toilet?
\par 
\par 
\par }{\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 
\par \tab Wyt ti wedi gorffen tacluso dy ystafell?
\par \tab - Have you finished tidying your room?
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab Wyt ti wedi brwsio dy ddannedd?
\par \tab - Have you brushed your teeth?
\par 
\par \tab Wyt ti wedi gorffen dy waith cartref?
\par \tab - Have you finished your homework?
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\f81\ul The reply to questions such as those above is 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Ydw\tab \tab -\tab Yes (I have)
\par \tab \tab Nac ydw\tab -\tab No (I haven't)
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \fi-720\widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab \tab 3.\tab }{\f81\ul Notice that we use '}{\b\f81\ul dy}{\f81\ul ' to convey the singular }{\b\f81\ul 'your'.}{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar {\f81\ul It is followed by a Soft Mutation.
\par 
\par }{\f81 \tab gwallt    -   dy }{\b\f81 w}{\f81 allt                   dannedd   -   dy }{\b\f81 dd}{\f81 annedd
\par \tab dillad     -   dy }{\b\f81 dd}{\f81 illad               crys            -   dy }{\b\f81 g}{\f81 rys
\par             teganau -   dy }{\b\f81 d}{\f81 eganau\tab      pensil         -   dy }{\b\f81 b}{\f81 ensil
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\f81\ul Here are a number of phrases you could use:
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx2240\tx2600\tx4760\tx6200\tx6660 {\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\widctlpar {\f81 \tab golchi dy wallt/ddwylo/wyneb\tab -\tab to wash your hair/hands/face
\par \tab cribo dy wallt\tab \tab \tab -\tab to comb your hair
\par \tab brwsio dy wallt/ddannedd\tab -\tab to brush your hair/teeth
\par \tab glanhau dy ddannedd/esgidiau\tab -\tab to clean your teeth/shoes
\par \tab newid dy grys/ddillad\tab \tab -\tab to change your shirt/clothes
\par \tab tynnu dy got\tab \tab \tab -\tab to take off your coat
\par \tab gwisgo dy got\tab \tab \tab -\tab to put on your coat
\par \tab tacluso dy ystafell\tab \tab \tab -\tab to tidy your room
\par \tab cwpla (gorffen) tacluso/bwyta\tab -\tab to finish tidying/eating
\par \tab gorffen dy ginio\tab \tab \tab -\tab to finish your dinner
\par \tab diffodd y golau\tab \tab \tab -\tab to put out the light
\par \tab dodi dy deganau heibio\tab \tab -\tab to put your toys away
\par \tab gwneud dy waith cartref\tab \tab -\tab to do your homework
\par \tab darllen dy lyfr\tab \tab \tab -\tab to read your book
\par \tab ysgrifennu dy draethawd\tab \tab -\tab to write your essay
\par \tab dysgu dy waith\tab \tab \tab -\tab to learn your work
\par \tab colli dy bensil/ben\tab \tab \tab -\tab to lose your pencil/pen
\par \tab ffeindio dy fag\tab \tab \tab -\tab to find your bag
\par \tab dod o hyd i dy ben\tab \tab \tab -\tab to find your pen
\par \tab trochi (baeddu) dy ddillad\tab -\tab to dirty your clothes
\par \tab gwlychu dy got\tab \tab \tab -\tab to get your coat wet
\par \tab wedi bod i'r t\'df bach\tab \tab -\tab been to the toilet
\par }\pard \li720\widctlpar {\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\b\f81\ul RHAN 2}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 
\par \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul A singular, familiar (ti) command}{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab \tab This is used to address one child.
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360 {\f81 \tab \tab More often than not, a TI command ends in }{\b\f81 -a. 
\par             }{\f81 This ending is added to the stem of the verb.
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-180\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab gwisgo\tab -\tab gwisg}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !\tab cofio\tab \tab -\tab cofi}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !
\par \tab \tab ymolchi\tab -\tab ymolch}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !\tab dodi\tab \tab -\tab dod}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !
\par \tab \tab cribo\tab \tab -\tab crib}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !\tab \tab brysio\tab -\tab brysi}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !
\par \tab \tab tacluso\tab -\tab taclus}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !\tab bihafio\tab -\tab bihafi}{\b\f81 a}{\f81 !
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab      Criba dy wallt!\tab \tab -\tab Comb your hair!
\par \tab \tab      Golcha dy ddwylo!\tab -\tab Wash your hands!
\par \tab \tab      Bihafia dy hunan!\tab -\tab Behave yourself!
\par \tab \tab      Taclusa dy ystafell!\tab -\tab Tidy your room!
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\f81\ul Notice how some verbs form the command by adding }{\b\f81\ul ia}{\f81\ul  (not}{\b\f81\ul  -a}{\f81\ul ) to the     
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul stem of the verb.}{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab 
\par \tab              newid     -     newid}{\b\f81 ia}{\f81 !
\par   
\par \tab \tab      Newid}{\b\f81 ia}{\f81  dy grys!\tab     -         Change your shirt!
\par \tab \tab      Newid}{\b\f81 ia }{\f81 dy 'sgidie!            -          Change yoyr shoes!
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx620 {\f81 \tab 3.\tab }{\f81\ul Some verbs have regular and irregular forms
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab codi\tab \tab -\tab coda!\tab \tab }{\f81\ul or}{\f81 \tab cwyd!
\par \tab \tab tynnu\tab -\tab tynna!\tab }{\f81\ul or}{\f81 \tab tynn!
\par \tab \tab rhoi\tab \tab -\tab rhoia!\tab \tab }{\f81\ul or}{\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul rho}{\f81 !
\par 
\par \tab \tab     Cwyd(Coda) - mae'n hwyr!\tab -\tab Get up - it's late!
\par \tab \tab     Tynn (Tynna) dy ddillad!\tab -\tab Get undressed!
\par \tab \tab     Rho (Rhoia) dy gap ar y peg!\tab -\tab Put your cap on the peg!
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\f81\ul A few verbs are completely irregular
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab dod\tab \tab -\tab dere (D.C.)!\tab \tab tyrd (G.C.)!
\par \tab \tab mynd\tab -\tab cer!\tab \tab \tab dos (G.C.)!
\par \tab \tab bod\tab \tab -\tab bydd!
\par 
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx1800 {\f81 \tab Dere (Tyrd) 'ma!\tab \tab -\tab Come here!
\par \tab Dere (Tyrd) ar unwaith!\tab -\tab Come at once!
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx1800 {\f81 \tab Cer (Dos) i'r gwely!\tab \tab -\tab Go to bed!
\par \tab Cer (Dos) i chwarae!\tab \tab -\tab Go and play!
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx720\tx1800 {\f81 \tab                   Bydd yn }{\b\f81 f}{\f81 achgen da!\tab \tab -\tab Be a good boy!
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx1800 {\f81 \tab Bydd yn }{\b\f81 f}{\f81 erch dda!\tab \tab -\tab Be a good girl!
\par \tab Bydd yn }{\b\f81 o}{\f81 falus!\tab \tab \tab -\tab Be careful!
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1800 {\f81 \tab 5.\tab }{\f81\ul Let's put the above commands in context}{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Mae'n amser mynd i'r gwely.  }{\b\f81 Doda }{\f81 dy deganau heibio!
\par \tab \tab - It's time to go to bed. }{\b\f81 Put }{\f81 your toys away!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cer (Dos)}{\f81  i'r gwely nawr - mae'n mynd yn hwyr!
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Go }{\f81 to bed now - it's getting late!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cofia}{\f81  fynd i'r t\'df bach cyn mynd i'r gwely!
\par  \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Remember }{\f81 to go to the toiletbefore going to bed!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cysga}{\f81 'n dawel, cariad!
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Sleep }{\f81 peacefully, sweetheart / darling!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Cwyd (Coda)}{\f81  nawr - mae'n amser mynd i'r ysgol!
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Get up}{\f81  now - it's time to go to school!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Gwisga }{\f81 ar unwaith - rwyt ti'n hwyr.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Get dressed}{\f81  at once - you're late!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Gwisga}{\f81  dy fenig - mae'n oer allan!
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Wear }{\f81 your gloves - it's cold out!
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Bydd}{\f81  yn ferch dda yn yr ysgol a gweithia'n galed!
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Be }{\f81 a good girl in school and }{\b\f81 work }{\f81 hard!
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }{\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Bydd}{\f81  yn fachgen da yn y parti!  Rwyt ti'n fachgen mawr nawr.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Be }{\f81 a good boy in the party! You're a big boy now.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Bydd}{\f81  yn ofalus wrth groesi'r ffordd.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Be }{\f81 careful when you cross (in crossing) the road!
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 6.\tab }{\f81\ul After the command }{\b\f81\ul cofia!}{\f81\ul  we can use another verb, which undergoes a}{\f81  
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx720 {\f81             }{\f81\ul Soft Mutation}{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab \tab Cofia }{\b\f81 b}{\f81 rynu...\tab \tab -\tab Remember to buy....
\par \tab \tab Cofia }{\b\f81 f}{\f81 ynd i'r t\'df bach.\tab -\tab Remember to go to the toilet.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f81\ul RHAN 3}{\f81 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\f81\ul A negative }{\b\f81\ul 'ti'}{\f81\ul  command
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab We use }{\b\f81 'Paid'}{\f81  in front of the verb-noun.
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab Strictly speaking, }{\b\f81\ul 'Paid'}{\f81  is followed by the word }{\b\f81\ul '\'89'}{\f81  which causes an \tab Aspirate Mutation (c > ch; p > ph; t > th).
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx1440 {\f81 \tab poeri (to spit)\tab \tab -\tab paid }{\b\f81 \'89 ph}{\f81 oeri!
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab tynnu (to pull)\tab \tab -\tab paid }{\b\f81 \'89 th}{\f81 ynnu fy ngwallt.
\par \tab \tab cwyno (to complain)\tab -\tab paid }{\b\f81 \'89 ch}{\f81 wyno!
\par 
\par 
\par \tab }{\b\f81\ul '\'89' }{\f81\ul also becomes }{\b\f81\ul 'ag'}{\f81\ul  in front of a vowel.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab eistedd (to sit)\tab \tab -\tab paid }{\b\f81 ag}{\f81  eistedd!
\par \tab \tab ateb yn \'99l (to answer back) -\tab paid }{\b\f81 ag }{\f81 ateb yn \'99l
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul But in speech, more often than not, the word }{\b\f81\ul '\'89'}{\f81\ul  and the mutation it }{\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul causes is disregarded.
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Paid bod yn haerllug!\tab -\tab Don't be cheeky!
\par \tab \tab Paid bod yn ddrwg!\tab -\tab Don't be naughty!
\par \tab \tab Paid trochi dy ddillad!\tab -\tab Don't dirty your clothes!
\par \tab \tab Paid gwlychu!\tab \tab -\tab Don't get wet!
\par \tab \tab Paid sblasio d\'f9r!\tab \tab -\tab Don't splash water!
\par \tab \tab Paid gadael dy ddillad\tab -\tab Don't leave your clothes
\par \tab \tab    ar y llawr!\tab \tab \tab \tab   on the floor!
\par \tab \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 
\par \tab \tab Paid gwastraffu bwyd!\tab -\tab Don't waste food!
\par \tab \tab Paid sarnu dy fwyd!\tab -\tab Don't spill your food!
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\b\f81\ul cymaint o}{\f81      -     }{\b\f81\ul so much / such a...}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab Paid gwneud cymaint\tab -\tab Don't make so much noise!
\par \tab \tab   o s\'f9n!
\par \tab \tab Paid gwneud cymaint \tab -\tab Don't make such a mess!
\par \tab \tab   o lanast!\tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab Paid cwympo (syrthio)!\tab -\tab Don't fall!
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 3.\tab }{\f81\ul Learn also the way in which we instruct a }{\b\f81\ul 'ti'
\par }{\b\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul person to convey my regards to someone.
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Cofia fi }{\b\f81 at }{\f81 John.\tab \tab -\tab Give my regards to John.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (Remember me to John).
\par \tab \tab Cofia fi }{\b\f81 ati }{\f81 hi.\tab \tab -\tab Give her my regards.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (Remember me to her).
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720 {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Idiom}{\f81 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab Cer i grafu!\tab \tab \tab -\tab Go to hell!
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (lit.  Go and scratch!)
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar 
\par }