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\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\widctlpar \f89 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}}{\info{\title Wythnos 162 (33)}{\author Tania}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min44}{\revtim\yr2000\mo7\dy10\hr14\min45}
{\version4}{\edmins1}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords984}{\nofchars5610}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}{\vern57395}}\paperw11880\paperh16820\margr1080 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz0\sprstsp\otblrul\brkfrm\sprstsm\truncex\nolead\msmcap\hyphcaps0\fracwidth \fet0\sectd 
\sbknone\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \widctlpar \f89 {\b\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81\ul GWERS 27
\par }{\b\f81 
\par }{\f81 
\par }{\b\f81\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f81     }{\b\f81\ul BASIL DAVIES
\par 
\par 
\par NOD}{\b\f81 :        Trafod y Byd Addysg
\par 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul Geirfa
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \li720\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2600\tx2880\tx4940\tx6920\tx7200 {\f81 ysgol feithrin\tab -\tab nursery school\tab ysgol gynradd\tab -\tab junior school,
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab primary school
\par ysgol uwchradd\tab -\tab secondary school\tab ysgol breifat\tab -\tab private school
\par ysgol breswyl\tab -\tab boarding school\tab neuadd breswyl\tab -\tab hall of residence
\par ysgol fonedd\tab -\tab public school\tab ysgol ramadeg\tab -\tab grammar school
\par ysgol gymysg\tab -\tab mixed school\tab ysgol gyfun\tab -\tab comprehensive 
\par                                                                                                                  school
\par ysgol i fechgyn\tab -\tab boys' school\tab ysgol i ferched\tab -\tab girls' school
\par 
\par coleg\tab -\tab college\tab coleg addysg\tab -\tab college of education
\par coleg chweched\tab -\tab sixth form \tab coleg addysg\tab -\tab college of further
\par     dosbarth\tab \tab    college\tab     bellach\tab \tab     education
\par coleg technegol\tab -\tab technical college\tab prifysgol\tab -\tab university\tab 
\par 
\par Prifysgol\tab -\tab University of\tab Prifysgol Cymru\tab -\tab University of Wales
\par    Morgannwg\tab \tab    Glamorgan\tab    
\par Prifysgol\tab -\tab Cambridge\tab Prifysgol\tab -\tab Oxford
\par    Caergrawnt\tab \tab    University\tab    Rhydychen\tab \tab     University
\par 
\par pwnc\tab -\tab subject\tab Cymraeg\tab -\tab Welsh
\par pynciau\tab -\tab subjects\tab Saesneg\tab -\tab English
\par Llenyddiaeth\tab -\tab Literature\tab ieithoedd\tab -\tab languages
\par Ffrangeg\tab -\tab French\tab Sbaeneg\tab -\tab Spanish
\par Almaeneg\tab -\tab German\tab Eidaleg\tab -\tab Italian
\par Hanes\tab -\tab History\tab Daearyddiaeth\tab -\tab Geography
\par Mathemateg\tab -\tab Mathematics\tab Celf a Chrefft\tab -\tab Art and Craft
\par Gwyddoniaeth\tab -\tab Science\tab Bioleg\tab -\tab Biology
\par Cemeg\tab -\tab Chemistry\tab Ffiseg\tab -\tab Physics
\par Gwyddor T\'df\tab -\tab Home Economics\tab Coginio\tab -\tab Cookery
\par Gwn\'95o\tab -\tab Sewing\tab Ymarfer Corff\tab -\tab P.E.
\par 
\par hawdd\tab -\tab easy\tab anodd\tab -\tab difficult
\par diddorol\tab -\tab interesting\tab anniddorol\tab -\tab uninteresting
\par }\pard \li720\ri-440\widctlpar\tx4860\tx5300 {\f81 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab                        37
\par Ysgol Uwchradd Gymraeg\tab -\tab a Welsh Secondary School
\par Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg\tab -\tab a Welsh Comprehensive School
\par Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Sant Baruc\tab -\tab St Baruc Welsh Primary School
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par drwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg\tab -\tab through the medium of Welsh
\par wedi eithro\tab -\tab opted out
\par dysgu\tab -\tab to learn }{\i\f81 or}{\f81  to teach
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\b\f81\ul RHAN 1
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab 1\tab }{\f81\ul Note that we always use the definite article in Welsh:
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3680 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab i}{\b\f81 'r }{\f81 ysgol\tab -\tab to (the) school
\par \tab \tab \tab o}{\b\f81 'r }{\f81 gwely\tab -\tab from (the) bed
\par }\pard \fi80\ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3680 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab yn }{\b\f81 yr }{\f81 ysbyty\tab -\tab in (the) hospital
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab Ble mae'r plant yn mynd }{\b\f81 i'r ysgol?
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab - Where do the children go }{\b\f81 to school?}{\f81 \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Maen nhw'n mynd }{\b\f81 i'r ysgol }{\f81 ar y bws.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab - They go }{\b\f81 to school }{\f81 on the bus.
\par .
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul As soon as the school is identified by name, we omit the definite  article -}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul even though it is sometimes kept in English.}{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul Notice the difference between these pairs of sentences:
\par }{\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Mae Si\'99n yn }{\b\f81 yr }{\f81 Ysgol Uwchradd.}{\b\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 - Si\'99n is in }{\b\f81 the }{\f81 Secondary School.}{\b\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 Mae Si\'99n yn }{\b\f81 Ysgol Uwchradd Maesteg.
\par }{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab - Si\'99n is in }{\b\f81 Maesteg Secondary School. }{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe es i i}{\b\f81 'r }{\f81 Ysgol Gyfun yn Nhregaron.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab - I went to }{\b\f81 the}{\f81  Comprehensive School in Tregaron.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe es i i }{\b\f81 Ysgol Gyfun Tregaron.}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab  I went to }{\b\f81 Tregaron Comprehensive School.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81 Maen nhw yn }{\b\f81 y }{\f81 Brifysgol.}{\b\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab - }{\f81 They are in/at }{\b\f81 the }{\f81 University.
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Maen nhw ym }{\b\f81 Mhrifysgol Cymru.}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab  They are at }{\i\f81 the}{\f81  }{\b\f81 University of Wales.
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\b\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab               
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\b\f81 \tab \tab }{\f81\ul The same rule applies to }{\b\f81\ul 'ysbyty'.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab Mae Jane yn}{\b\f81  yr }{\f81 ysbyty.
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab - Jane is in }{\b\f81 (the) }{\f81 hospital.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab  Jane }{\b\f81 Ysbyty Gwynedd.}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab - Jane is in }{\b\f81 Ysbyty Gwynedd}{\f81 .
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab }{\f81\ul To convey }{\b\f81\ul 'favourite' }{\f81\ul we use the word }{\b\f81\ul 'hoff'}{\f81\ul  which comes }{\i\f81\ul before }{\f81\ul the noun}{\f81  
\par \tab \tab }{\f81\ul and causes a Soft Mutation.}{\f81 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab Beth oedd dy }{\b\f81 hoff b}{\f81 wnc (di) yn yr ysgol?
\par \tab \tab - What was your }{\b\f81 favourite }{\f81 subject in school?
\par   
\par   \tab \tab Daearyddiaeth oedd fy }{\b\f81 hoff b}{\f81 wnc (i) yn yr ysgol.
\par \tab \tab - Geography was my }{\b\f81 favourite}{\f81  subject in school. 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\b\f81\ul RHAN 2}{\f81 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Roeddwn i'n meddwl bod...}{\b\f81        -\tab }{\b\f81\ul I thought (that)....}{\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul Rydw i'n meddwl bod...}{\b\f81 \tab          -          }{\b\f81\ul I think that...
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 \tab }{\b\f81 Rydw i'n meddwl bod }{\f81 Hanes yn ddiddorol.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab - }{\b\f81 I think that}{\f81  History}{\b\f81  is}{\f81  interesting.
\par 
\par \tab }{\b\f81 Roeddwn i'n meddwl bod }{\f81 Gwyddoniaeth yn hawdd.
\par \tab - }{\b\f81 I thought that}{\f81  Science }{\b\f81 was }{\f81 easy.
\par 
\par \tab }{\b\f81 Oeddet ti'n meddwl bod }{\f81 Almaeneg yn hawdd?
\par \tab - }{\b\f81 Did you think that}{\f81  German was easy?
\par \tab Nac oeddwn, }{\b\f81 roeddwn i'n meddwl bod}{\f81  Ffrangeg yn haws nag Almaeneg.
\par \tab - No, }{\b\f81 I thought that }{\f81 French was easier than German.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul In English, the linking word }{\b\f81\ul 'that'}{\f81\ul  is often left out, but in Welsh, }{\b\f81\ul 'bod'}{\f81\ul  is always used.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\b\f81 \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab }{\f81 Mae Bob yn meddwl bod Daearyddiaeth yn anniddorol.
\par \tab \tab - Bob thinks }{\b\f81 (that) }{\f81 Geography is uninteresting.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab    
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab }{\f81\ul Note also that we }{\i\f81\ul never}{\f81\ul  say }{\b\f81\ul 'bod mae'}{\f81\ul  or '}{\b\f81\ul bod roedd'}{\f81\ul .  }{\b\f81\ul 'Bod'}{\f81\ul  conveys }{\b\f81\ul 'that..... is'}{\f81\ul 
 or }{\b\f81\ul 'that..... was' -}{\f81\ul  depending on the tense of the main verb.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab 2.\tab \tab Wnest ti ieithoedd modern?  -  Do.
\par \tab \tab \tab - Did you do modern languages.  -  Yes.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Beth wnest ti?  -  Ffrangeg a Sbaeneg.
\par \tab \tab \tab - What did you do?  -  French and Spanish.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 3.\tab \tab Ysgol breifat oedd Ysgol Dick Sheppard?  -  Nage, ysgol gyfun.
\par \tab \tab \tab -  Was Dick Sheppard School a public school?  -  No, a comprehensive
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab school.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 4.\tab \tab Faset ti wedi hoffi mynd i ysgol breswyl?  -  Na faswn.
\par \tab \tab \tab - Would you like to have gone to a boarding school?  -  No.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 5.\tab }{\b\f81\ul trwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg}{\b\f81 \tab       -         }{\b\f81\ul through the medium of Welsh}{\f81 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Ydy dy blant yn dysgu }{\b\f81 trwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg?  }{\f81 -  Ydyn.
\par \tab \tab \tab - Are your children learning }{\b\f81 through the medium of Welsh?  }{\f81 -  Yes.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx3960\tx5400 {\f81 \tab 6.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Mae'n gas 'da fi / gen i }{\b\f81           \tab   -            }{\b\f81\ul I hate / loathe}{\b\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar\tx3960\tx5400 {\b\f81 \tab }{\b\f81\ul Roedd yn gas 'da fi / gen i}{\b\f81       \tab   -            }{\b\f81\ul I hated / loathed}{\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Roedd yn gas 'da fi / gen i }{\f81 wisgo gwisg ysgol.}{\b\f81 
\par \tab \tab - I hated }{\f81 wearing school uniform.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f81 Roedd yn gas 'da Tom / gan Tom}{\f81  Hanes.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f81 Tom hated }{\f81 History.
\par 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860\tx6660\tx7020 {\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\b\f81\ul RHAN 3}{\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 
\par \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 \tab 1.\tab }{\f81\ul Here are the people who are associated with schools.}{\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2960\tx3320\tx4860 {\f81 \tab 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx3140\tx3420\tx5400\tx6020\tx6840 {\f81 plentyn\tab -\tab child\tab disgybl(ion)\tab -\tab pupil(s)
\par plant\tab -\tab children\tab athro\tab -\tab male teacher
\par y prifathro\tab -\tab the headmaster\tab athrawes\tab -\tab female teacher
\par y brifathrawes\tab -\tab the headmistress\tab athrawon\tab -\tab teachers
\par y gofalwr\tab -\tab the caretaker\tab y glanhawyr\tab -\tab the cleaners
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx3140\tx3420\tx5400\tx6020\tx6840 {\f81      2.\tab \tab      Roeddwn i'n meddwl bod yr athrawon / y Prifathro ....
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81      - I thought the teachers / the Headmaster were / was....
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2520\tx3060\tx3420\tx4680\tx5400\tx6920\tx7200 {\f81 \tab ...yn garedig\tab -\tab kind\tab 
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2520\tx3060\tx3420\tx5400\tx6920\tx7200 {\f81 \tab ...yn gas                    -\tab nasty
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar\tx2520\tx3060\tx3420\tx4680\tx5400\tx6920\tx7200 {\f81 \tab ...yn gyfeillgar  \tab -\tab friendly\tab 
\par \tab ...yn flin\tab -\tab nasty
\par \tab ...yn ddoniol\tab -\tab funny, amusing\tab 
\par \tab ...yn gefnogol\tab -\tab supportive
\par \tab ...yn gydwybodol\tab -\tab conscientious\tab 
\par \tab ...yn weithgar\tab -\tab hard working
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440 {\f81 \tab 3.\tab }{\f81\ul When '}{\b\f81\ul cael'}{\f81\ul  is followed by another verb noun it means }{\b\f81\ul 'to be allowed to'}{\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\b\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 Doedden ni ddim yn }{\b\f81 cael gwisgo }{\f81 jins.
\par - We weren't }{\b\f81 allowed to wear }{\f81 jeans.
\par 
\par Dydw i ddim yn }{\b\f81 cael ysmygu }{\f81 yn y pwll nofio.
\par - I'm not }{\b\f81 allowed to smoke }{\f81 in the swimming pool.
\par 
\par Doedden ni ddim yn }{\b\f81 cael mynd \'89 }{\f81 beiciau i'r ysgol.
\par - We weren't }{\b\f81 allowed to take }{\f81 bikes to school.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2240 {\f81 \tab 4.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Idiomau a dywediadau}{\f81 
\par }{\f81\ul 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81\ul 
\par }{\f81 \tab Arwyddair yr ysgol/coleg\tab -\tab the school/college motto
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab 5.\tab }{\b\f81\ul Diarhebion}{\f81 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 
\par \tab }{\f81\ul The following proverbs are often adopted as school/college mottos
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi80\ri-440\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160 {\f81 \tab \tab \tab \tab Gwell dysg na golud.
\par }\pard \fi-720\li1440\ri-440\widctlpar {\f81 \tab \tab - Learning is better than wealth.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Gorau arf, arf dysg.
\par \tab \tab - The best weapon is the weapon of learning.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Nid byd, byd heb wybodaeth.
\par \tab \tab - A world without knowledge is no world at all.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab }{\f81\ul Other proverbs are}{\f81 :
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab Gorau athro, adfyd
\par \tab \tab - Adversity is the best teacher.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Adfyd a ddaw \'89 dysg yn ei law.
\par }{\f81\cchs0 \tab \tab - Adversity makes a man wise
\par }{\f81 
\par }}