{\rtf1\ansi \deff112\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f112\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 Padarn;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\widctlpar 
\f112 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}{\s15\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306 \f112 \sbasedon0\snext15 footer;}{\*\cs16 \additive\sbasedon10 page number;}}{\info{\title Sgript W38}{\author Â鶹Éç}{\operator Â鶹Éç}
{\creatim\yr2000\mo10\dy16\hr11\min46}{\revtim\yr2000\mo12\dy18\hr16\min12}{\printim\yr2000\mo6\dy1\hr11\min32}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords1082}{\nofchars6172}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}{\vern57395}}\paperw11880\paperh16820 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\pgnstart53\hyphhotz0\sprstsp\otblrul\brkfrm\sprstsm\truncex\nolead\msmcap\hyphcaps0\fracwidth \fet0\sectd \sbknone\pgnrestart\pgnstarts53\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\footer \pard\plain 
\s15\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0 \f112 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs16 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\cs16\lang1024 59}}}{\cs16 
\par }\pard \s15\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306 
\par }{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5
\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \widctlpar\tx3402 \f112 {\b \tab }{\b\ul GWERS 31}{\b 
\par 
\par }\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar {\b\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b     }{\b\ul ANN M. JONES
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080 {\b\ul NOD}{\b :\tab To look at the Past Preterite forms of the verb.}
\par {\b 
\par 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx567\tx1134 {\b \tab }{\b\ul Geirfa
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080 {\b\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab gwneud\tab -\tab to do/make\tab codi\tab -\tab to get up
\par \tab \tab ymolchi\tab -\tab to have \tab bwyta\tab -\tab to eat
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx3060\tx3686\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300\tx7088 \tab \tab \tab \tab    a wash
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab darllen\tab -\tab to read\tab cysgu\tab -\tab to sleep
\par \pard \ri-509\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab prynu\tab -\tab to buy\tab siarad\tab -\tab to talk, speak
\par \pard \ri-651\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab nofio\tab -\tab to swim\tab dysgu\tab -\tab to learn
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab edrych ar\tab -\tab to look at \tab gwylio\tab -\tab to watch
\par \tab \tab ffonio\tab -\tab to telephone\tab gweithio\tab -\tab to work
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab sgorio\tab -\tab to score
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab {\b\ul 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab Beth?\tab -\tab What?\tab Pwy?\tab \tab -\tab Who(m)?
\par \tab \tab Pryd?\tab -\tab When?\tab Ble?\tab \tab \tab -\tab Where?
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3240\tx3686\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Pam?\tab \tab -\tab \tab Why?
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2520\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab am\tab \tab -\tab at, for\tab newydd\tab \tab -\tab new
\par \pard \ri-1076\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2520\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab hefyd\tab \tab -\tab too, also\tab dros y Sul\tab -\tab over the weekend
\par \pard \ri-792\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3240\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab dim byd\tab -\tab \tab nothing,\tab felly\tab \tab \tab -\tab so, therefore
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3240\tx3686\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab              anything
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab pwll nofio\tab -\tab swimming\tab teledu\tab \tab -\tab television
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab              pool
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab llyfr\tab \tab -\tab book\tab papur\tab \tab -\tab paper
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab dillad\tab \tab -\tab clothes\tab caws\tab \tab -\tab cheese
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6300\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab cig\tab \tab -\tab meat\tab llaeth\tab \tab -\tab milk
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab cwrw\tab \tab -\tab beer\tab llefrith(NW)
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par {\b\ul RHAN 1}
\par 
\par 
\par {\pntext\tab}\pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\pndec\pnb0\pni0\pnf112\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxta . }}1.\tab {\b\ul 'Gwneud'}{\ul 
 is one of the four irregular verbs in Welsh, so learn the} \tab \tab \tab {\ul question forms 'parrot fashion'.
\par {\pntext\tab}}\pard \li285\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\pndec\pnb0\pni0\pnf112\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxta . }}
\par \pard \li285\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300  
\par \tab (a)\tab {\b Beth wnaethoch chi?\tab   -\tab What did you do?}
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1701\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab {\b Beth wnaethoch chi} ddoe?
\par \tab \tab \tab - {\b What did you do} yesterday?
\par {\b \tab \tab \tab Beth wnaethoch chi yn Birminham ddydd Sadwrn?
\par }\pard \li285\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx1701\tx2160\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b \tab \tab \tab - What did you do in Birmingham on Saturday?
\par }
\par \tab \tab 
\par \tab (b)\tab {\b Beth wnest ti?\tab  -     What did you do? (familiar})
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1701\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab {\b Beth wnest ti} dros y Sul?
\par \tab \tab \tab - {\b What did you do} over the weekend?
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab {\b Beth wnest ti ar dy wyliau?}
\par \tab \tab \tab - {\b What did you do }on (your) holiday?
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \ri-934\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1701\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 2.\tab {\b\ul To reply we need to be able to use any verb in the Past Preterite Tense.}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx709\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab {\b \tab }{\ul To form the Past Preterite Tense of }{\b\ul regular verbs }{\ul in Welsh  - certain} \tab \tab {\b\ul endings}{\ul  are added to the }{\b\ul stem}{\ul  of the verb.
}
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx709\tx1276\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx709\tx1276\tx1701\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab (a)\tab {\ul The stem is normally the verb-noun minus the last syllable}.
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1701\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab e.g.\tab \tab codi\tab -\tab cod -
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab ymolchi\tab - \tab ymolch -
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab cysgu\tab -\tab cysg -
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab bwyta\tab -\tab bwyt -\tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab {\ul Notice that if a verb noun nas an }{\b\ul \lquote i\rquote }{\ul  in the final syllable, it is kept }\tab \tab {\ul when the ending is added
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab sgor{\b i}o\tab -\tab sgor{\b i} -
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab (b)\tab {\ul A few verbs use the whole verb-noun as the stem}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1701\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab e.g.\tab \tab siarad\tab -\tab siarad -
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab darllen \tab -\tab darllen -
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab eistedd\tab -\tab eistedd -
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab edrych \tab -\tab edrych -
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab chwarae\tab -\tab chwarae -
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 3.\tab {\ul The ending for the 1st person singular is   }{\b\ul  -ais}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 {\b \tab }In ordinary speech we also place the 'positive marker' {\b 'Fe'} (South \tab \tab Wales) or {\b 'Mi'} (North Wales) in front of the verb.  This has no \tab 
\tab translatable value, but denotes the fact that a positive statement is \tab about to be made.
\par {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab codi\tab \tab -\tab Fe /Mi godais i\tab -\tab I got up
\par \tab \tab ymolchi\tab -\tab Fe/Mi ymolch{\b ais i}\tab -\tab I washed (had a wash)
\par \tab \tab darllen\tab -\tab Fe/Mi ddarllen{\b ais i}\tab -\tab I read
\par \tab \tab prynu\tab -\tab Fe/Mi bryn{\b ais i}\tab -\tab I bought
\par \tab \tab sgorio\tab -\tab Fe/Mi sgori{\b ais i}\tab -\tab I scored
\par 
\par \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab {\ul And do you remember the irregular verbs \lquote }{\b\ul mynd}{\ul \rquote  and \lquote }{\b\ul cael}{\ul \rquote ?
\par }
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2127\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab mynd\tab \tab -\tab Fe/Mi es i\tab \tab -\tab I went
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab cael\tab \tab -\tab Fe/Mi ges i\tab \tab -\tab I had
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 4.\tab {\ul These forms are used to reply to the questions asked in No. 1}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx4580\tx4760\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Beth wnaethoch chi ddoe?
\par \tab \tab - What did you do yesterday?
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx4220\tx4580\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab {\b Fe ddarllenais i} nofel.\tab 
\par \tab \tab - {\b I read} a novel.
\par \pard \li540\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx4220\tx4580\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \li540\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx4220\tx4580\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Beth wnest ti neithiwr?\tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx4220\tx4580\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab - What did you do last night?
\par \tab \tab {\b Mi chwaraeais} i rygbi.
\par \tab \tab - {\b I played} rugby.
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 
\par 
\par \pard \ri-1643\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 5.{\b \tab }{\ul To form the negative, drop the 'positive marker' }{\b\ul 'Fe / Mi'}{\ul  and add }{\b\ul 'ddim'.}{\b 
\par }\tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1701\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Fe ymolchais i\tab \tab -\tab I washed
\par \tab \tab \tab {\b Ymolchais i ddim\tab -\tab I didn't wash
\par }
\par \tab \tab \tab Mi ddarllenais i\tab -\tab I read
\par \tab \tab \tab {\b Ddarllenais i ddim\tab -\tab I didn't read}
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Fe sgoriais i\tab \tab -\tab I scored
\par \tab \tab \tab {\b Sgoriais i ddim\tab -\tab I didn't score
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-792\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx1701\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b \tab 6.\tab }{\ul Verbs beginning with }{\b\ul C, P or T}{\ul  need special attention in the negative.  Do }\tab \tab {\ul 
you remember learning the Past Tense of the irregular verb }{\b\ul 'cael'}{\ul  }?
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1701\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab I had\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab Fe/Mi ges i
\par \tab \tab \tab I didn't have\tab \tab -\tab {\b Ch}es i ddim
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab {\ul The same rule applies to all verbs which begin with }{\b\ul C}{\ul ,  }{\b\ul P}{\ul  or }{\b\ul T
\par }
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \tab \tab \tab c  >\tab ch\tab \tab p  > ph        t  >\tab th\line \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab codi\tab \tab -\tab Fe/Mi godais i\tab -\tab {\b Ch}odais i ddim
\par \tab \tab prynu\tab -\tab Fe/Mi brynais i\tab -\tab {\b Ph}rynais i ddim
\par \tab \tab talu\tab \tab -\tab Fe/Mi dalais i\tab -\tab {\b Th}alais i ddim
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \qr\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-509\widctlpar\tx540\tx709\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Don't let these mutations worry you.  They don't change the meaning of \tab \tab \tab 
the word and it would not be the end of the world if you didn't use them!  \tab \tab In time, your ear will 'tell' you, believe me!
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \tab {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx540\tx1080\tx1276\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab \tab Beth wnaethoch chi ddoe?
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab - What did you do yesterday?
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Fe godais i'n gynnar ond {\b es i ddim }i'r parc.
\par \tab \tab - I got up early but {\b I didn\rquote t go} to the park.
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1276\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Beth wnest ti ddydd Sadwrn?
\par \tab \tab \tab - What did you do on Saturday?
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Mi es i'r dre' ond {\b phrynais i ddim} byd. 
\par \tab \tab \tab - I went to town but {\b I didn\rquote t buy} anything.
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx851\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Beth wnest ti yn Abertawe?
\par \tab \tab \tab - What did you do in Swansea?\tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab \tab Fe chwaraeais i rygbi ond {\b sgoriais i ddim.}
\par \tab \tab \tab - I played rugby but {\b I didn\rquote t score.
\par }
\par 
\par 
\par {\b\ul RHAN 2}
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 1.\tab {\ul We don\rquote t have to keep to the question \lquote What did you }{\b\ul do}{\ul ?\rquote . We can }\tab \tab \tab {\ul 
move on to use any verb.}
\par 
\par \tab \tab {\ul The 2nd person singular ending of regular verbs is    }{\b\ul - aist}{\b  
\par  
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par }\tab \tab Beth {\b w}ela{\b ist} ti?\tab \tab -\tab What did you see?
\par \tab \tab Pwy {\b w}ela{\b ist} ti?\tab \tab -\tab Whom did you see?
\par \tab \tab Beth {\b b}ryn{\b aist} ti?\tab \tab -\tab What did you buy?
\par \tab \tab Beth {\b f}wyt{\b aist} ti?\tab \tab -\tab What did you eat?\tab 
\par \tab \tab Beth yf{\b aist} ti?\tab \tab \tab -\tab What did you drink?
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-651\widctlpar\tx709\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab {\ul Notice that the verb undergoes a Soft Mutation after \lquote }{\b\ul Beth?\rquote  }{\ul and \lquote }{\b\ul Pwy?\rquote 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b 
\par \tab }2.\tab {\ul There is no mutation after \lquote }{\b\ul Pryd?\rquote }{\ul  and \lquote }{\b\ul Ble?}{\ul \rquote }{\b 
\par }\pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Pryd codaist ti ?\tab \tab -\tab When did you get up?
\par \tab \tab Pryd prynaist ti ...?\tab \tab -\tab When did you buy ...?
\par \tab \tab Ble gwelaist ti ...?\tab \tab -\tab Where did you see ...?
\par \tab \tab Ble darllenaist ti ...?\tab \tab -\tab Where did you read ...?
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-1076\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 3.\tab {\ul The replies can be a single word, a short phrase or a complete sentence.}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b \tab \tab }Beth welaist ti ym Moscow?
\par \tab \tab - Y Kremlin!{\b 
\par \tab }\tab - Fe welais i'r Kremlin ym Moscow.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Beth brynaist ti yn Llundain?
\par \tab \tab - Dillad!
\par \tab \tab - Mi brynais i ddillad.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \tab \tab Pryd codaist ti\rquote r bore \lquote ma?
\par \tab \tab - Am saith o\rquote r gloch!
\par \tab \tab - Fe godais i am saith o\rquote r gloch y bore \rquote ma.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Pwy welaist ti yn y parc?
\par \tab \tab - John!
\par \tab \tab - Mi welais i John yn y parc.
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Ble gwelaist ti Cennard?
\par \tab \tab - Yn y dre\rquote !
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab - Mi welais i Cennard yn y dre'.
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \ri-651\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 4.\tab {\ul Remember that the direct object undergoes a Soft Mutation in positive }\tab \tab \tab {\ul sentences but as the mutation appears on 
\lquote }{\b\ul dd}{\ul im\rquote  in negative sentences, the }\tab \tab {\ul noun appears in its unmutated form.}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Fe fwytais i {\b g}aws, ond fwytais i {\b dd}im {\b c}ig.
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab - I ate cheese, but I didn't eat meat.
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab Mi yfais {\b l}aeth ond yfais i {\b dd}im {\b c}wrw.
\par \tab \tab - I drank milk but I didn't drink beer.
\par 
\par 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 5.\tab {\ul To form direct questions - just drop the 'positive marker' and adopt} \tab \tab {\ul a questioning tone of voice.}
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx709\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab {\ul As with all}{\b\ul  'Did?'}{\ul  questions, the answers are} 
\par 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \tab \tab \tab Do\tab \tab \tab -\tab Yes
\par \tab \tab \tab Naddo\tab \tab -\tab No
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1276\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab {\b Welaist ti} Basil ddoe? - {\b  Do.}
\par \tab \tab - {\b Did you see} Basil yesterday?  - {\b Yes.
\par }
\par \tab \tab {\b Brynaist ti} gar newydd?  -  {\b Naddo.}
\par \tab \tab - {\b Did you buy} a new car?  -  {\b No.
\par }
\par \tab \tab {\b Ddarllenaist ti}'r 'Western Mail' y bore ma?  -{\b   Do.}
\par \tab \tab - {\b Did you read} the Western Mail this morning?  - {\b Yes.}
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \qr\ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b\ul 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-180\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx1800\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 6.\tab {\ul Notice the two different meanings of }{\b\ul 'am'
\par }\pard \ri-180\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-180\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2700\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\b \tab \tab \tab am }saith o'r gloch\tab -\tab \tab {\b at }7 o clock
\par \tab \tab \tab {\b am} ddwy awr\tab \tab -\tab \tab {\b for} two hours
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 
\par \tab \tab 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Fe godais i {\b am} hanner awr wedi chwech bore ddoe.
\par \tab \tab \tab - I got up {\b at} half past six yesterdsy morning.
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1276\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab \tab Fe redais i yn y parc {\b am} awr.
\par \tab \tab \tab - I ran in the park {\b for }an hour.
\par \pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \tab 7.\tab {\b\ul Sgwrs} 
\par {\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 {\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-180\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2520\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Shwmai Angharad?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Angharad}:\tab \tab Shwmai Morgan?  Welaist ti Bryn Terfel ar y teledu \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab neithiwr?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Naddo wir.  Fe es i allan neithiwr.  Welaist ti e?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Angharad}:\tab \tab Do - roedd e'n dda iawn.  Ble est ti neithiwr?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Fe es i i'r pwll nofio ac fe nofiais i am ddwy awr.  \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Felly edrychais i ddim ar y teledu neithiwr.  Beth \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab wnest ti?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Angharad}:\tab \tab Fe wyliais i'r teledu, fe ddarllenais i ac fe fwytais i \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab siocled!  Ond weithiais i ddim.
\par \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Beth ddarllenaist ti?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Angharad}:\tab \tab Y papur - y 'Daily Post'.  Ac fe siaradais i ar y ff{\cchs256 \'99}n \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab gyda Bethan hefyd.
\par \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Pryd ffoniaist ti Bethan?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Angharad}:\tab \tab Am chwech o'r gloch.  Pam?
\par \tab \tab {\ul Morgan}:\tab \tab Fe welais i hi yn y pwll nofio am saith o'r gloch.
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\par \tab \page \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\par 
\par \pard \ri-180\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2700\tx2880\tx3420\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2160\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx1800\tx2340\tx2880\tx3240\tx4140\tx5040\tx5580\tx6120\tx6300 
\par 
\par \tab 
\par \pard \widctlpar\tx540\tx1080\tx2880\tx3060\tx4140\tx5040\tx6120\tx6300 
\par {\b \tab 
\par }\pard \widctlpar {\b 
\par 
\par }
\par }