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{\info{\title Wythnos 94 (8)}{\author Â鶹Éç}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2000\mo11\dy22\hr13\min40}{\revtim\yr2002\mo7\dy17\hr16\min45}{\printim\yr2002\mo3\dy19\hr14\min23}{\version12}{\edmins18}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords1083}{\nofchars6176}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}
{\vern57395}}\paperw11900\paperh16840 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\pgnstart23\hyphhotz0\sprstsp\otblrul\brkfrm\sprstsm\truncex\nolead\msmcap\hyphcaps0 \fet0\sectd \sbknone\pgnrestart\pgnstarts23\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\footer 
\pard\plain \s15\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0 \f12 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs16 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\cs16\lang1024 23}}}{\cs16 
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\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent180\pnsp120\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang
{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent180\pnsp120\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\pard\plain \fi720\ri-80\widctlpar\tx3402 \f12 {\b\f105 \tab }{\b\f105\ul GWERS 75}{\b\f105 
\par \tab \tab       
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar {\b\f105 
\par }{\b\f105\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f105      }{\b\f105\ul CENNARD DAVIES}{\b\f105 
\par }{\b\f105\ul 
\par }{\b\f105 
\par }{\b\f105\ul NOD}{\b\f105 :\tab      Mynegi barn trwy ddefnyddio 'bod'.  (Expressing an opinion by  
\par                  using 'that\rquote ).
\par 
\par }{\b\f105\ul 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li567\ri-80\widctlpar\tx1260 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Geirfa}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-80\widctlpar\tx1260 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab dymunol\tab \tab -\tab pleasant\tab cas\tab -\tab nasty
\par \tab caredig\tab \tab -\tab kind\tab (y)styfnig\tab -\tab stubborn
\par \tab prydferth\tab \tab -\tab beautiful\tab golygus\tab -\tab handsome
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab peryglus\tab \tab -\tab dangerous\tab cyfforddus\tab -\tab comfortable\tab 
\par \tab \tab cyfeillgar\tab \tab -\tab friendly\tab cyfleus\tab -\tab convenient
\par \tab \tab canolog\tab \tab -\tab central\tab diarffordd\tab -\tab remote
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab gwych\tab \tab -\tab \tab splendid,\tab diflas\tab -\tab miserable,
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab excellent \tab \tab \tab boring
\par \tab \tab diddorol\tab \tab -\tab \tab interesting\tab anniddorol\tab -\tab uninteresting
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3320\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab doniol\tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab humerous\tab cyffrous\tab -\tab exciting
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li180\ri-914\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab ardderchog\tab \tab -\tab excellent\tab gwael\tab -\tab poor (quality)
\par \tab \tab \tab si\'f0r\tab \tab -\tab sure\tab sicr\tab -\tab certain
\par \tab \tab \tab trist\tab \tab -\tab sad\tab uchel\tab -\tab high
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab plismon\tab \tab \tab -\tab policeman\tab chwaraewr\tab -\tab player
\par \tab \tab cyfreithiwr\tab \tab \tab -\tab solicitor\tab rheolwr\tab -\tab manager
\par \tab \tab gweithiwr\tab \tab \tab -\tab worker,\tab gweithiwr\tab -\tab factory
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3320\tx3686\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab workman         ffatri                         worker
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3060\tx3320\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab athro\tab \tab -\tab \tab \tab teacher\tab athrawes  f\tab -\tab female teacher
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab dyn\tab \tab -\tab \tab man\tab menyw\tab -\tab woman
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3320\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab merch\tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab girl\tab dynes N.W.\tab -\tab woman
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab llanc\tab \tab \tab -\tab youth \tab meddyg\tab -\tab doctor
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab ffilm(iau)  f\tab \tab -\tab \tab film(s)\tab g\'eam(au)  f\tab -\tab game(s), match(es)\tab 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab safon(au)\tab \tab \tab -\tab standard(s) \tab rhaglen(ni) f\tab -\tab \tab programme(s)
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab Norwy\tab \tab -\tab Norway \tab pobl Ffrainc\tab -\tab French people
\par \tab \tab pentref\tab \tab -\tab village\tab gwesty\tab -\tab hotel
\par \tab \tab bwthyn\tab \tab -\tab cottage\tab llew\tab -\tab lion
\par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-1339\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab sylweddoli\tab \tab -\tab to realize\tab dweud\tab -\tab to say
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab honni\tab \tab \tab -\tab to assert\tab dweud wrth\tab -\tab to tell
\par                                                            to claim \tab credu\tab -\tab to believe
\par }\pard \ri-1481\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab meddwl\tab \tab -\tab to think\tab gwybod\tab -\tab to know (a fact)
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx5580\tx6480\tx7088\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab mor\tab \tab \tab -\tab so
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3060\tx3320\tx3686\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab gan\tab \tab -\tab \tab \tab by (a person)
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f105\ul RHAN 1}{\f105 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 1.\tab }{\f105\ul There is }{\b\f105\ul no }{\f105\ul mutation when a verb follows the linking }{\b\f105\ul 'yn'
\par }{\f105\ul 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par \tab \tab Mae Tom }{\b\f105 yn meddwl.}{\f105 
\par \tab \tab - Tom thinks.
\par \tab \tab \tab 
\par }{\f105\ul 
\par }\pard \fi5\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Notice the Soft Mutation when anything else (e.g. an adjective) follows }{\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul this linking }{\b\f105\ul 'yn}{\b\f105 '}{\f105 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par 
\par \tab \tab Mae Jane yn}{\b\f105  dd}{\f105 ymunol.
\par \tab \tab - Jane is pleasant.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Roedd Norwy yn }{\b\f105 b}{\f105 rydferth.
\par \tab \tab - Norway was beautiful.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-715\li720\ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 2.\tab }{\f105\ul When we join two sentences by using }{\b\f105\ul 'bod'}{\f105\ul    -   notice that }{\b\f105\ul it takes  the place of 'mae'}{
\f105\ul  in the second sentence  i.e. it conveys \lquote }{\b\f105\ul that . . . . is\rquote 
\par }\pard \fi5\ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi5\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1701\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab Mae e'n credu.  }{\b\f105 Mae}{\f105  Ann yn gas.
\par }\pard \fi-1701\li1701\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - He believes.  Ann is nasty.
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1701\li1701\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab Mae e'n credu }{\b\f105 bod}{\f105  Ann yn gas.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx1701\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab - He belives }{\b\f105 that}{\f105  Ann }{\b\f105 is}{\f105  nasty.
\par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2600\tx2977\tx3686\tx5103\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Edrychwch ar y brwddegau \lquote ma  -  Look at these sentences}{\f105 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1276\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab Mae Tom yn meddwl }{\b\f105 bod Jane}{\f105  yn ddymunol.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - Tom thinks }{\b\f105 that Jane is}{\f105  pleasant.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Mae Jane yn gwybod }{\b\f105 bod Tom}{\f105  yn 'styfnig.
\par \tab \tab - Jane knows }{\b\f105 that Tom is}{\f105  stubborn.
\par 
\par \tab \tab Maen nhw'n meddwl }{\b\f105 bod Norwy}{\f105  yn brydferth.
\par \tab \tab - They think }{\b\f105 that Norway is}{\f105  beautiful.
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab 'Dw i'n sylweddoli }{\b\f105 bod y ci}{\f105 'n beryglus.
\par }\pard \li1260\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 - I realize }{\b\f105 that the dog is}{\f105  dangerous.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab Ydyn nhw'n honni }{\b\f105 bod y pentref}{\f105  yn ddiarffordd?
\par \tab \tab - Do they claim\~}{\b\f105 that the village is}{\f105  remote?
\par 
\par \tab \tab Roedd e'n dweud }{\b\f105 bod Gwenda}{\f105  yn garedig.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - He was saying }{\b\f105 that Gwenda was}{\f105  kind.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab }{\f105\ul \lquote }{\b\f105\ul Maen nhw\rquote n dweud}{\f105\ul \rquote  (\lquote They say\rquote ) is always useful!
\par 
\par 
\par }{\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Maen nhw\rquote n dweud }{\f105 bod pobl Ffrainc yn gyfeillgar}{\b\f105 .
\par \tab \tab - They say }{\f105 that the French are friendly.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Maen nhw\rquote n dweud }{\f105 bod Vienna yn hyfryd.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 They say }{\f105 that Vienna is lovely.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 3.\tab }{\f105\ul Sentences don\rquote t have to be positive. They can be negative, of course
\par }{\f105 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \lquote }{\b\f105 Dw i ddim yn meddwl }{\f105 bod y ffilm yn ddiddorol.
\par \tab \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I don\rquote t think}{\f105  that the film is intersting.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Doedd Tom ddim }{\f105 yn sylweddoli bod y pentref mor ddiarffordd.
\par \tab \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 Tom didn\rquote t }{\f105 realize that the village was so remote.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 \lquote Dydyn nhw ddim }{\f105 yn gwybod bod Tim yn yr ysbyty.
\par \tab \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 They don\rquote t know }{\f105 that Tim is in hospital.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 4.\tab }{\f105\ul We can change the }{\b\f105\ul tense }{\f105\ul of the sentences by changing the verbs in the first sentence. The word \lquote 
}{\b\f105\ul bod}{\f105\ul \rquote  doesn\rquote t change.}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li709\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\f105\ul The part following 'bod' does not change either.  It automatically conveys the correct tense in English.}{\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mae e'n meddwl}{\f105  bod Ann yn ddymunol.
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 - He thinks}{\f105  that Ann }{\b\f105 is}{\f105  pleasant.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Roedd e'n credu}{\f105  bod Si\'f4n yn gas.
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 - He thought}{\f105  that Si\'f4n }{\b\f105 was}{\f105  nasty.
\par 
\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe fydd hi'n gweld}{\f105  bod Tom yn olygus.
\par }\pard \li1260\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 - She will see}{\f105  that Tom }{\b\f105 is}{\f105  handsome.
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 5.\tab }{\f105\ul Using \lquote }{\b\f105\ul arfer}{\f105\ul \rquote  can be useful
\par }{\f105 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Roeddwn i\rquote n }{\b\f105 arfer}{\f105  meddwl bod nwy\rquote n beryglus.
\par \tab \tab \tab - I }{\b\f105 used to }{\f105 think that gas was dangerous.
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Roedd Mary\rquote n }{\b\f105 arfer }{\f105 credu bod Caer yng Mghymru.
\par \tab \tab \tab - Mary }{\b\f105 used to }{\f105 think / believe that Chester was in Wales.
\par 
\par 
\par \tab 6.\tab }{\f105\ul Combine the following sentences using 'bod}{\f105 '
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1701\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab Mae Mary yn credu.\tab Mae Sam yn olygus.
\par \tab \tab \tab Ydy Tom yn gwybod?\tab Mae Jane yn brydferth.
\par \tab \tab \tab Roedd Dic yn credu.\tab Roedd Emyr yn gas.
\par \tab \tab \tab Fe fyddan nhw'n gweld.\tab Mae Sam yn 'styfnig.
\par \tab \tab \tab Oedden nhw'n meddwl?\tab Roedd Samantha'n garedig.
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1980\li1980\ri-80\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1701\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 7.\tab }{\f105\ul Say something about the following}{\f105 :
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab y llew;    y gwesty;    y t\'fe;    y car;    y pentref
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\b\f105\ul RHAN 2}{\f105 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi16\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 1.\tab }{\f105\ul Notice that with verbs like \lquote }{\b\f105\ul meddwl\rquote , \lquote credu\rquote  }{\f105\ul and }{
\b\f105\ul  \lquote gwybod\rquote }{\f105\ul , we use}{\f105  \tab \tab }{\f105\ul the Imperfect (was) Tense in Welsh to convey the short, concise Past}{\f105  \tab \tab }{\f105\ul Tense which is used in English.}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab Roeddwn i'n gwybod\tab \tab -\tab I }{\b\f105 knew}{\f105 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (}{\f105\ul lit}{\f105 .  I }{\b\f105 was knowing}{\f105 )
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Roedd hi'n credu\tab \tab -\tab She }{\b\f105 believed}{\f105 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (}{\f105\ul lit}{\f105 .   She }{\b\f105 was believing}{\f105 )
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Roedden nhw'n meddwl\tab \tab -\tab They }{\b\f105 thought}{\f105 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab (}{\f105\ul lit}{\f105 .  They }{\b\f105 were thinking}{\f105 )
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Roedd e'n meddwl}{\f105  bod y ffilm yn gyffrous.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 He thought}{\f105  that the film was exciting.
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\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Roeddwn i'n credu}{\f105  bod y safon yn dda.
\par }\pard \li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 - }{\b\f105 I thought}{\f105  that the standard was good.
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 2.\tab }{\f105\ul It is a very minor point of grammar, but \lquote }{\b\f105\ul bod\rquote }{
\f105\ul  mutates to \lquote }{\b\f105\ul fod\rquote }{\f105\ul  after a
\par }{\f105 \tab \tab }{\f105\ul verb in the }{\b\f105\ul short, concise Past Tense}{\f105 .
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab Mae hi'n dweud }{\b\f105 bod}{\f105  y ffilm yn dda.
\par \tab \tab \tab Roedd hi'n dweud }{\b\f105 bod}{\f105  y ffilm yn dda.
\par \tab \tab \tab Fe}{\b\f105  ddywedodd }{\f105 hi}{\b\f105  fod}{\f105  y ffilm yn dda.
\par 
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\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab Fe }{\b\f105 honnodd}{\f105  y dyn }{\b\f105 fod}{\f105  y rhaglen yn wael.
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab - The man claimed that the programme was poor.
\par \tab 
\par \tab \tab Mi}{\b\f105  glywais }{\f105 i}{\b\f105  fod}{\f105  Tom yn olygus.
\par \tab \tab - I heard that Tom was handsome.
\par \tab \tab \tab 
\par \tab \tab Fe}{\b\f105  sylweddolodd }{\f105 y llanc}{\b\f105  fod}{\f105  y bws wedi mynd.
\par \tab \tab - The lad realized that the bus had gone.
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\par \tab \tab Beth glywaist ti am y rhaglen?
\par \tab \tab - What did you hear about the programme?
\par }\pard \li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 Fe glywais i }{\b\f105 fod}{\f105  y rhaglen yn wael.
\par }\pard \li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 - I heard that the programme was poor.\tab 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul As in the Present Tense, \lquote }{\b\f105\ul dweud\rquote }{\f105\ul 
  is often used in the Past Tense}{\f105 .
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105  \tab }{\f105\ul We often quote others don\rquote t we?}{\f105 
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\par \tab \tab 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe ddywedodd hi}{\f105  fod safon y g\'eam yn uchel.
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 She said}{\f105  that the standard of the game was high.
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\par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi ddywedon nhw }{\f105 fod y gwesy\rquote n ardderchog.
\par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 They said }{\f105 that the hotel was excellent.
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\par }\pard \li285\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx705\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 3.\tab }{\f105\ul Up to now we've used }{\b\f105\ul adjectives}{\f105\ul  to complete our sentences.  It is also possible
\par }\pard \li705\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105\ul To}{\f105  }{\f105\ul use }{\b\f105\ul nouns }{\f105\ul of course. Just like adjectives, they undergo a Soft Mutation after }{
\b\f105\ul 'yn'}{\f105\ul .}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
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\par \tab \tab Roedd hi'n si\'f0r bod y dyn }{\b\f105 yn blismon}{\f105 .
\par \tab \tab - She was sure that the man was }{\b\f105 a policeman}{\f105 .
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\par \tab \tab Wyt ti'n meddwl bod y llanc }{\b\f105 yn chwaraewr rygbi}{\f105 ?
\par \tab \tab - Do you think that the lad is }{\b\f105 a rugby player?
\par }{\f105 
\par \tab \tab 'Dw i'n credu bod y fenyw}{\b\f105 'n athrawes}{\f105 .
\par \tab \tab - I believe that the lady is }{\b\f105 a teacher.
\par }{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab Roedd John yn dweud bod y fenyw}{\b\f105 'n gyfreithiwr}{\f105 .
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab - John said that the woman was }{\b\f105 a solicitor.}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab Oeddech chi'n gwybod bod Dewi'}{\b\f105 n}{\f105  }{\b\f105 weithiwr ffatri}{\f105 ?
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab - Did you know that Dewi was}{\b\f105  a factory worker}{\f105 ?
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 
\par }\pard \ri-1160\widctlpar\tx360\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab 4.\tab }{\f105\ul Of course, there is no problem about adding an adjective to the noun, to 
\par }\pard \li285\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\pndec }{\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul describe it.
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\par }{\f105 \tab \tab Mi welais i fod Tom yn }{\b\f105 chwaraewr rygbi da.}{\f105\ul 
\par }{\f105 \tab \tab - I saw that Tom was }{\b\f105 a good rugby player.}{\f105\ul 
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\par }{\f105 \tab \tab Fe ddywedodd Mary fod \lquote Silence of the Lambs\rquote  }{\b\f105 yn ffilm drist}{\f105 .}{\f105\ul 
\par }{\f105 \tab \tab - Mary said hat \lquote Silence of the Lambs\rquote  is }{\b\f105 a sad film.}{\f105\ul 
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f105 4. \tab}}\pard \fi-283\li568\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\pndec\pnb0\pni0\pnf105\pnfs24\pnstart4\pnindent283\pnhang{\pntxta . }}{\f105 
  }{\f105\ul Express an opinion about the following}{\f105 :
\par }\pard \li285\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-1160\widctlpar\tx720\tx851\tx1260\tx1701\tx1980\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx4680\tx4940\tx5300\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 \tab \tab   y ffilm;   y rhaglen;   y safon;   y g\'eam;   y ddrama
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab }{\b\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2600\tx2880\tx5220\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 
\par \tab 6.}{\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Sgwrs}{\f105 
\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
\par 
\par \tab \tab A.\tab Beth weloch chi yn y theatr?
\par \tab \tab B.\tab Drama gan Shakespeare.
\par \tab \tab A.\tab Pa ddrama?
\par \tab \tab B.\tab 'Hamlet'.  'Dw i'n meddwl }{\b\f105 bod}{\f105  Shakespeare yn wych.
\par \tab \tab A.\tab Mae fy ngwraig yn credu }{\b\f105 bod }{\f105 Shakespeare yn wych hefyd \tab ond mae'n gas 'da fi'r theatr.  'Dw i'n hoff iawn o ffilmiau.
\par \tab \tab B.\tab Fe glywais i }{\b\f105 fod}{\f105  ffilm dda yn yr Odeon yr wythnos 'ma.
\par \tab \tab A.\tab Oes!  Fe ddywedodd fy ffrind }{\b\f105 fod}{\f105  Tom Cruise yn ardderchog \tab a }{\b\f105 bod}{\f105  y stori'n ddiddorol iawn.
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\par }\pard \fi-1260\li1260\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2600\tx2880\tx3060\tx3320\tx5580\tx6480\tx6840\tx7380\tx7640 {\f105 
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