{\rtf1\ansi \deff12\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f12\froman\fcharset0\fprq2 New York{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f105\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 Padarn;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255; \red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0; \red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\nowidctlpar \f12 \snext0 Normal;}{\s1\ri-1340\keepn\nowidctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \b\f105\ul \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 1;}{ \s2\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\keepn\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \b\f105\ul \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 2;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}{ \s15\ri-1340\nowidctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \sbasedon0\snext15 Body Text;}{ \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \sbasedon0\snext16 Block Text;}{\s17\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306 \f12 \sbasedon0\snext17 footer;}{\* \cs18 \additive\fs20 \sbasedon10 page number;}}{\info{\title Wythnos 117 (31)}{\author Â鶹Éç}{\operator Â鶹Éç}{\creatim\yr2001\mo2\dy26\hr15\min19}{\revtim\yr2002\mo7\dy17\hr16\min48}{\printim\yr2002\mo3\dy19\hr14\min7}{\version9}{\edmins18}{\nofpages8} {\nofwords1313}{\nofchars7489}{\*\company Â鶹Éç}{\vern57395}}\paperw11900\paperh16840 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\pgnstart11\hyphhotz0\hyphcaps0 \fet0\sectd \sbknone\pgnrestart\pgnstarts11\linex0\headery709\footery709\colsx709\endnhere {\footer \pard\plain \s17\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0 \f12 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs18 page }}{\fldrslt {\cs18\lang1024 11}}}{\cs18 \par }\pard \s17\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306 \par }{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5 \pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ri-180\widctlpar\tx3402 \f12 {\b\f105 \tab }{\b\f105\ul GWERS 98 \par }{\b\f105 \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \ri-180\widctlpar {\b\f105 \par }{\b\f105\ul CYFLWYNYDD:}{\b\f105 }{\b\f105\ul BASIL DAVIES \par \par }{\b\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1200\li1200\ri-180\widctlpar {\b\f105\ul NOD}{\b\f105 :\tab Defnyddio\rquote r ffurfiau goddefol (Using the Passive - conveying actions which are imposed on people / things.) \par }\pard \ri-180\widctlpar {\b\f105 \par \par }\pard \ri-180\widctlpar\tx567\tx1260 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Geirfa}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\ri-180\widctlpar\tx1260 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab geni\tab -\tab to be born\tab magu\tab \tab -\tab to raise, bring up \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab addysgu\tab -\tab to educate\tab dal\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab to catch \par }\pard\plain \s15\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5103\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \f105 \tab gyrru\tab -\tab to drive\tab \tab cosbi (am)\tab -\tab to punish (for) \par \pard \s15\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx4860\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \tab gweld\tab \tab -\tab to see\tab \tab dewis\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab to choose, select\tab \tab chwarae\tab \tab -\tab to play\tab \tab anafu\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab to injure \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \f12 {\f105 \tab \tab claddu\tab \tab -\tab \tab to bury\tab \tab lladd\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab to kill \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \f105 \tab \tab saethu\tab \tab -\tab \tab to shoot\tab \tab llofruddio\tab \tab -\tab to murder, \par \pard \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \tab \tab adeiladu\tab \tab -\tab to build\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab to assasinate \par \tab \tab peintio\tab \tab -\tab to paint\tab \tab codi\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab to raise, build\tab \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f12 {\f105 \tab \tab agor\tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab to open \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab pum degau\tab -\tab fifties\tab \tab chwedegau\tab -\tab \tab sixties \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088\tx7200\tx7460 \f105 \tab \tab saith degau\tab -\tab seventies\tab wythdegau\tab -\tab eighties \par \pard\plain \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f12 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab hewl f\tab \tab -\tab \tab road (S.W.)\tab ffordd f\tab \tab \tab -\tab road \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab Arlywydd\tab -\tab \tab President\tab damwain f\tab -\tab accident \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab dyn\tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab man \tab \tab ysgol f\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab school \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab ysgol ramadeg\tab -\tab grammar \tab ysgol gyfun\tab -\tab comprehensive \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab school\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab school \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab pont f\tab \tab \tab -\tab bridge\tab \tab rhyfel\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab war\tab \par \tab \tab maer\tab \tab \tab -\tab mayor \tab \tab ardal\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab locality, area \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab neuadd f\tab \tab -\tab \tab hall \par \par }\pard \fi-2160\li2160\ri-1765\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx2977\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab y Barri\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab Barry\tab \tab Pont Hafren\tab -\tab \tab The Severn \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Bridge \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab y Rhyl\tab \tab -\tab Rhyl\tab \tab yr India\tab \tab \tab -\tab India \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3060\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab yn gyflym\tab -\tab fast\tab \tab \tab rhy gyflym\tab -\tab too fast \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1276\ri-1481\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx4680\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx6840\tx7088 {\f105 \tab \tab pan\tab \tab -\tab \tab when\tab \tab gan\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab \tab by (a person) \par \tab \tab mewn\tab \tab -\tab \tab in a (an) \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3140\tx3686\tx4140\tx5103\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 {\f105 \tab i'r t\'eem\tab -\tab \tab for the \tab dros Gymru\tab -\tab \tab for Wales,\tab \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab team\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab on behalf of Wales \par }\pard\plain \s15\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2977\tx3686\tx3780\tx4140\tx4962\tx5103\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6521\tx7088 \f105 \tab yn ystod\tab -\tab during\tab \tab drwy\tab \tab \tab \tab -\tab through \par \pard\plain \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ri-1340\keepn\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \b\f105\ul RHAN 1 \par \pard\plain \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \tab 1.\tab {\f105\ul The }{\b\f105\ul passive}{\f105\ul voice is conveyed by using }{\b\f105\ul 'was'}{ \f105\ul in English - but it is important to recognise a sentence as being }{\b\f105\ul passive}{\f105\ul and not an active}{\f105 }{\f105\ul one. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105\ul \par }{\f105 \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab (a) }{\f105\ul Active sentences}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1701\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 seeing}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab (}{\b\f105 Roeddwn i}{\f105 'n gweld ) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 catching\tab \tab }{\f105 (}{\b\f105 Roeddwn i}{\f105 'n dal) \par }\pard \fi-1701\li1701\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 punishing}{\f105 \tab \tab (}{\b\f105 Roeddwn i}{\f105 'n cosbi) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1560\ri-1056\widctlpar\tx720\tx1134\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab i.e. \lquote }{\b\f105 I}{\f105 \rquote undertook the action of the verb - \lquote }{\b\f105 I}{ \f105 \rquote did the }{\b\f105 seeing / catching / punishing} \par \pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \par \par \pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab (b) }{\f105\ul Passive sentencs \par \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1701\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 seen}{\f105 \tab \tab \par \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 caught}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \par \tab \tab \tab \tab I was }{\b\f105 punished}{\f105 \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1560\ri-1481\widctlpar\tx720\tx1134\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab i.e.\tab The action of the verb is done }{\b\f105 to me}{\f105 . - i.e. The }{\b\f105 seeing / catching / \par \tab \tab \tab punishing}{\f105 was done }{\b\f105 to me. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \par }\pard \qr\fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \tab \par }\pard \fi-709\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul So take care - the verb }{\b\f105\ul 'was'}{\f105\ul appears in both active and passive sentences in English}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 I was}{\f105 seeing \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 I was}{\f105 seen} \par \pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \par \par \pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \tab {\f105\ul But in Welsh we use different verbs. In a }{\b\f105\ul passive}{\f105\ul sentence we }{\b\f105\ul 'receive'}{\f105\ul the action of the verb}{\f105 . \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Roeddwn i}{\f105 'n gweld \tab (I was seeing) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe ges i fy}{\f105 ngweld \tab (I was seen) \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \par \pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 2.\tab }{\f105\ul In order to convey a }{\b\f105\ul passive}{\f105\ul action in Welsh, the pattern is formed based on the verb }{\b\f105\ul 'cael\rquote (\lquote to have\rquote ,\rquote to receive\rquote }{\b\f105 ) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul If the action takes place in the }{\b\f105\ul past}{\f105\ul , then we need }{\b\f105\ul Past Tense}{ \f105\ul forms of }{\b\f105\ul 'cael'}{\f105\ul \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105\ul \par }{\f105 \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 3.\tab }{\f105\ul The }{\b\f105\ul 'I'}{\f105\ul form is}{\f105 : \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi ges i \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul This is followed by the possessive }{\b\f105\ul 'fy'}{\f105\ul (which is followed by a }{\b\f105\ul Nasal Mutation}{\f105 ) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard\plain \s15\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx2268\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi ges i{\b fy...} \par \pard\plain \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1701\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab geni\tab \tab Fe ges i fy }{\b\f105 ng}{\f105 eni\tab \tab -\tab I was born \par }\pard \fi-1701\li1701\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab magu\tab \tab Mi ges i fy magu\tab \tab -\tab I was raised \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1701\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab dal\tab \tab Fe ges i fy }{\b\f105 n}{\f105 al\tab \tab \tab -\tab I was caught \par }\pard \fi-1701\li1701\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab cosbi\tab \tab Mi ges i fy }{\b\f105 ngh}{\f105 osbi\tab -\tab I was punished \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx1701\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab gweld\tab \tab Fe ges i fy }{\b\f105 ng}{\f105 weld\tab -\tab I was seen \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi ges i fy ngeni}{\f105 yn Llanelli. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I was born }{\f105 in Llanelli. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe ges i fy ngeni}{\f105 ym 1950. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I was born}{\f105 in 1950. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi ges i fy magu}{\f105 ym Mangor yn ystod y rhyfel. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I was brought up}{\f105 in Bangor during the war. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe ges i fy addysgu}{\f105 yn Ysgol Gymraeg Rhydfelen. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I was educated}{\f105 in (at) Rhydfelen Welsh School. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi ges i fy nal}{\f105 yn gyrru'n gyflym yn Aberystwyth. \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 - I was caught}{\f105 driving fast in Aberystwyth. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe ges i fy nghosbi}{\f105 am yrru'n rhy gyflym drwy'r dref. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 I was punished}{\f105 for driving too fast through the town. \par \par }\pard \qr\ri-180\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \tab 4.\tab {\f105\ul The }{\b\f105\ul 'you' (\lquote chi')}{\f105\ul form of }{\b\f105\ul 'cael'}{ \f105\ul is}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi gawsoch chi}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par \tab }{\f105\ul This is followed by }{\b\f105\ul 'eich' \par }{\f105 \par \par }\pard\plain \s15\ri-1340\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2268\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gawsoch chi{\b eich . . .} \par \pard\plain \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx1800\tx2700\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4860\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \ri-1340\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi gawsoch chi eich geni}{\f105 yn Llundain. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 You were born}{\f105 in London. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gawsoch chi eich dewis}{\f105 i chwarae dros Gymru. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 You were chosen (selected) }{\f105 to play for Wales. \par \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 5.\tab }{\f105\ul The }{\b\f105\ul 'you' (ti)}{\f105\ul form of }{\b\f105\ul 'cael'}{ \f105\ul is}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi gest ti}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par \tab }{\f105\ul This is followed by }{\b\f105\ul 'dy'}{\f105\ul (which causes a Soft Mutation}{\f105 ) \par \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gest ti}{\b\f105 dy . . .}{\f105 \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi gest ti dy ddewis}{\f105 i'r t\'eem. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 You were chosen}{\f105 for the team. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gest ti dy ddal}{\f105 yn gyrru'n rhy gyflym. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 You were caught}{\f105 driving too fast. \par \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx709\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \tab 6.\tab {\f105\ul There is no mutation after \lquote }{\b\f105\ul Pryd?}{\f105\ul \rquote ,}{\b\f105\ul }{ \f105\ul \lquote }{\b\f105\ul Ble?}{\f105\ul \rquote ,}{\b\f105\ul }{\f105\ul \lquote }{\b\f105\ul Sut?}{\f105\ul \rquote and}{\b\f105\ul }{\f105\ul \lquote }{\b\f105\ul Pam}{\b\f105 ?}{\f105 \rquote \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \par \tab \tab Pryd }{\b\f105 cawsoch chi eich dewis}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - When }{\b\f105 were you chosen?}{\f105 \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \tab \tab Pryd }{\b\f105 cawsoch chi eich dal}{\f105 ? \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - When }{\b\f105 were you caught}{\f105 ? \par \par \par \tab \tab Ble }{\b\f105 cawsoch chi eich geni}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Where }{\b\f105 were you born}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Sut }{\b\f105 cawsoch chi eich anafu}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - How }{\b\f105 were you injured}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Pam }{\b\f105 cawsoch chi eich cosbi}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Why }{\b\f105 were you punished}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Pryd }{\b\f105 cest ti dy anafu}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - When }{\b\f105 were you injured}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Ble }{\b\f105 cest ti dy fagu}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Where }{\b\f105 were you raised}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Sut }{\b\f105 cest ti dy ddal}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - How }{\b\f105 were you caught}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Pam }{\b\f105 cest ti dy gosbi}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Why }{\b\f105 were you punished}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \par \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard\plain \s2\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\keepn\widctlpar\tx0\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \b\f105\ul RHAN 2 \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx0\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \tab 1.\tab {\f105\ul The 3rd person singular form of }{\b\f105\ul 'cael'}{\f105\ul is}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe / Mi gafodd\'85. }{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab 2.\tab }{\f105\ul The masculine form is followed by }{\b\f105\ul 'ei'}{\f105\ul (which causes a Soft Mutation}{\f105 ) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx0\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd e (o){\b ei \'85} \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd Bob }{\b\f105 ei\'85 \par \par \par }{\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Remember the Soft Mutation after the masculine }{\b\f105\ul 'ei}{\b\f105 ' \par }{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd John ei }{\b\f105 g}{\f105 laddu \tab \tab (claddu) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i }{\b\f105 l}{\f105 add \tab \tab \tab (lladd) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd y dyn ei }{\b\f105 e}{\f105 ni \tab \tab \tab (geni) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i }{\b\f105 f}{\f105 agu \tab \tab \tab (magu) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd e (o)'i }{\b\f105 l}{\f105 ofruddio \tab (llofruddio) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd}{\b\f105 }{\f105 e (o)'i }{\b\f105 dd}{\f105 ewis \tab \tab \tab (dewis) \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\b\f105 \tab \tab Fe gafodd John ei eni }{\f105 ym 1960 yn Y Drenewydd. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 John was born}{\f105 in 1960 in Newtown. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd Lloyd George ei gladdu}{\f105 yn Llanystumdwy. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 Lloyd George was buried}{\f105 in Llanystumdwy. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd Kennedy ei lofruddio}{\f105 pan oedd e'n Arlywydd. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 Kennedy was assasinated}{\f105 when he was President. \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd e'i saethu}{\f105 gan Lee Harvey Oswald. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 He was shot}{\f105 by Lee Harvey Oswald. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd y dyn ei anafu}{\f105 mewn damwain. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The man was injured}{\f105 in an accident. \par \par \par \tab \tab Ble }{\b\f105 cafodd John Kennedy ei ladd}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Where }{\b\f105 was John Kennedy killed}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Sut }{\b\f105 cafodd e'i ladd}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - How }{\b\f105 was he killed}{\f105 ? \par \par }\pard \qr\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \tab 3.\tab {\ul Notice - we can say }{\b\ul in a certain year}{\ul in two ways}: \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1330\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab in 1976\tab -\tab }{\b\f105 ym m}{\f105 il naw saith chwech in 2002 - }{\b\f105 yn n} {\f105 wy fil a dau \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1420\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 yn}{\f105 un naw saith chwech }{\b\f105 yn n}{\f105 au dim dim dau \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \tab 4.\tab {\f105\ul The feminine form is followed by }{\b\f105\ul 'ei'}{\f105\ul (which causes an Aspirate Mutation}{\f105 ) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd hi}{\b\f105 ei\'85}{\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd Mair }{\b\f105 ei\'85 \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f105 \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 \f12 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul Remember the Aspirate Mutation after the feminine }{\b\f105\ul 'ei'}{ \f105\ul . Only 3 consonants are affected \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105\ul \par \par }{\f105 \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f105 c > ch p > ph t > th \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\b\f105 \par \tab \tab \tab }{\f105 \tab Fe / Mi gafodd Mair ei }{\b\f105 ch}{\f105 laddu \tab \tab \tab (claddu) \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd y bont ei }{\b\f105 ch}{\f105 odi\tab \tab \tab (codi) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2880\tx3140\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5580\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd yr ysgol ei }{\b\f105 ph}{\f105 eintio\tab \tab (peintio) \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \par \tab }{\f105\ul Other consonants aren't affected}{\f105 \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd hi ei lladd. \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd Si\'e2n ei geni. \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe / Mi gafodd hi ei dewis. \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f12 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd Mair ei geni}{\f105 ym 1976 ym Merthyr Tudful. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 Mair was born}{\f105 in 1976 in Merthyr Tudful. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd hi ei chladdu}{\f105 yn y Rhyl. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 She was buried}{\f105 in Rhyl. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd Mrs Gandhi ei llofruddio}{\f105 yn yr India. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 Mrs Gandhi was assasinated}{\f105 in India. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd y neuadd ei chodi}{\f105 yn y saithdegau. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The hall was built }{\f105 in the 70's. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd fy chwaer ei haddysgu}{\f105 mewn ysgol ramadeg. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 My sister was educated}{\f105 in a grammar school. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd y ferch ei lladd}{\f105 mewn damwain ar y ffordd. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The girl was killed}{\f105 in an accident on the road. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd y bont ei hadeiladu}{\f105 dros Afon Hafren yn y chwedegau. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The bridge was built}{\f105 over the River Severn in the 60's. \par \tab \tab \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Fe gafodd yr ystafell ei pheintio}{\f105 yr wythnos ddiwethaf. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The room was painted}{\f105 last week. \par \par \tab \tab }{\b\f105 Mi gafodd yr ysgol ei hagor}{\f105 yn y tridegau. \par \tab \tab - }{\b\f105 The school was opened}{\f105 in the 30's. \par \par \par \tab \tab Ble }{\b\f105 cafodd hi ei lladd}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - Where }{\b\f105 was she killed}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Pryd }{\b\f105 cafodd yr ystafell ei pheintio}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - When }{\b\f105 was the room painted}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \tab Pryd }{\b\f105 cafodd y bont ei chodi}{\f105 ? \par \tab \tab - When }{\b\f105 was the bridge built (raised)}{\f105 ? \par \par \tab \par \par \tab \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f105 \tab 5.\tab {\b\ul 'codi'}{\ul can be used to convey }{\b\ul 'to build'}{ \ul as well as }{\b\ul 'to raise'}{\ul and }{\b\ul 'to lift'}{\b \par }\pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f12 {\f105 \par \par \tab \tab Pryd cafodd y bont }{\b\f105 ei chodi}{\f105 ? \par }\pard \li1260\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 - When was the bridge }{\b\f105 built (raised)?}{\f105 \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\b\f105 \tab \tab }{\f105 Mi gafodd y neuadd }{\b\f105 ei chodi}{\f105 yn y saithdegau. \par \tab \tab - The hall was }{\b\f105 built}{\f105 in the 70's. \par \par \tab \tab Pryd cafodd y castell }{\b\f105 ei godi}{\f105 ? \par }\pard \li1260\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 - When was the castle }{\b\f105 built?}{\f105 \par }\pard \ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\b\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li709\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\b\f105 \tab 6.}{\f105 \tab }{\f105\ul When a word beginning with a }{\b\f105\ul VOWEL}{ \f105\ul follows the }{\b\f105\ul feminine 'ei'}{\f105\ul - it 'grows' an \lquote }{\b\f105\ul h}{\f105\ul \rquote in front of the vowel}{\f105 . \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2268\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe gafodd y bont ei }{\b\f105 h}{\f105 adeiladu ym 1983. \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Mi gafodd Mair ei }{\b\f105 h}{\f105 addysgu yn y Barri. \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Fe gafodd y neuadd ei }{\b\f105 h}{\f105 agor gan y Maer. \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f105 \tab 7.\tab {\ul Sgwrs} \par \pard\plain \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 \f12 {\f105 \par \par \tab \tab Nigel:\tab 'Dych chi ddim yn edrych yn hapus. Beth sy'n bod? \par \tab \tab Basil:\tab Fe ges i fy stopio gan yr heddlu. \par \tab \tab Nigel:\tab Ble cawsoch chi eich stopio? \par \tab \tab Basil:\tab Fe ges i fy stopio ar y ffordd allan o Gaerdydd y prynhawn \par \tab \tab \tab \tab 'ma. \par \tab \tab Nigel:\tab Pam cawsoch chi eich stopio? \par \tab \tab Basil:\tab Fe ges i fy stopio am yrru'n gyflym mewn ardal pedwar \par \tab \tab \tab \tab deg milltir yr awr. Ond rydych chi'n edrych yn hapus iawn. \par \tab \tab \tab \tab Pam? \par \tab \tab Nigel:\tab Fe glywais i'r newyddion ar y radio. Fe ges i fy newis i \par \tab \tab \tab \tab chwarae rygbi dros Gymru eto. \par \tab \tab Basil:\tab Llongyfarchiadau! \par \par \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx284\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab 8.\tab }{\f105\ul Three examlpes of Passive verbs \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1623\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab \tab \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-620\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \par \tab }{\f105\ul geni}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f105\ul addysgu}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\f105\ul cicio}{\f105 \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1765\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab Fe/Mi ges i }{\b\f105 fy ngeni}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab Fe ges i fy addysgu\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Mi ges i fy }{\b\f105 nghicio}{\f105 \tab \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1198\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab Fe/Mi gest ti }{\b\f105 dy eni}{\f105 \tab \tab \tab Fe gest ti dy addysgu \tab \tab \tab \tab Mi gest ti }{\b\f105 dy gicio}{\f105 \par }\pard \ri-1765\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab Fe/Mi gawsoch chi eich geni\tab Fe gawsoch chi eich addysgu\tab Mi gawsoch chi eich cicio \par }\pard \fi-1800\li1800\ri-1765\widctlpar\tx720\tx1260\tx2340\tx2780\tx3060\tx3420\tx3780\tx4140\tx4680\tx5040\tx5400\tx5840\tx6020\tx6200\tx6480\tx6840\tx7200\tx7460 {\f105 \tab Fe/Mi gafodd e(o) }{\b\f105 ei eni}{\f105 \tab \tab Fe ga fodd e (o) ei addysgu\tab \tab Mi gafodd e(o) }{\b\f105 ei gicio}{\f105 \par \tab Fe/Mi gafodd hi ei geni\tab \tab Fe gafodd hi }{\b\f105 ei haddysgu}{\f105 .\tab \tab Mi gafodd hi }{\b\f105 ei chicio} \par }